T

Taafe, Alice    see   Terry, Alice

Taaffe, Aglaja Issarescu, Countess – (1884 – 1946)
Austrian-Hungarian aristocrat and courtier
Aglaja Issarescu was born (April 23, 1884). She was married firstly to Captain von Plossek, a Hungarian cavalry officer, to whom she bore a son and from whom she was later divorced. Aglaja was remarried secondly (1919) to Count Heinrich Taaffe (1872 – 1938) as his second wife. Formerly attached to the Imperial court at Schonbrunn, the countess spent most of the period of her second marriage at Ellischau Castle. She removed to reside in Hungary (1937) after her stepson, Count Eduard Taaffe, sold the family estates situated in Czecholsovak territory. However in 1945, the volatile political situation forced the elderly countess to flee to Austria. Countess Taaffe died aged sixty-two, in Vienna.

Taaffe, Irma Czaky von Keresztzergh und Adornjan, Countess – (1838 – 1912)
Hungarian courtier, traveller and memoirist
Countess Irma Czaky von Keresztergh und Adornjan was born (Jan 6, 1838) at Kassa, the only child of Emanuel, Count Czaky von Keresztzergh und Adornjan, and his first wife, Maria von Aranyossy zu Jorbasz. Irma Czaky became the wife (1860) in Sopron, Hungary, of Edward Francis Joseph Count Taaffe (1833 – 1895). She bore him four daughters and a son and heir, Count Heinrich Taaffe (1872 – 1928), who was married twice and left issue.
The countess she became dame du palais (lady-in-waiting) to the Empress Elisabeth, wife of Franz Josef, and accompanied her mistress on her various travels abroad. Countess Taaffe was in attendance upon the empress when she was assassinated by the Italian anarchist Luigi Luccheni at Geneva (1898). The countess was honoured by the emperor for her service to his late wife and was appointed a Lady of the Order of the Starry Cross. Her memoirs were published as Erzsebet kiralyne kisereteben (In the Suite of Queen Elisabeth) (1910). Countess Taaffe died (May 15, 1912) aged seventy-four, in Vienna.

Tab’a – (fl. c700 BC)
Arab queen and ruler
Queen Tab’a ruled in her own right. She was referred to by a surviving inscription of King Sennacherib of Assyria (705 – 681 BC), which reveals that ruled under the suzerainty of the Assyrians. Nothing else is known of her.

Taba, Hilda – (1902 – 1967)
American educator and author
Hilda Taba was born (Dec 7, 1902) in Estonia, the daughter of Lutheran parents. She attended the University of Tartu in Estonia and later studied education and psychology in the USA, where she attended Bryn Mawr College. After training as a teacher at Columbia University she taught in Estonia for several years (1933 – 1935). During this time she wrote the dissertation Dynamics of Education: A Methodolgy of Progressive Educational Thought (1932). Taba was later employed as the director of curriculum research at the Dalton School in New York, and was appointed assistant professor at the Ohio State University and then at the University of Chicago.
At Chicago she served as the director of the Center for Intergroup Education (1948 – 1951). Her most important work, Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice (1962) was published during her time as professor of education at San Francisco State College. She later published her Teachers’ Handbook for Elementary Social Studies (1967). Taba remained unmarried. Hilda Taba died (July 6, 1967) aged sixty-four, in Burlinghame, California.

Taber, Gladys Leonae – (1899 – 1980)
American novelist
Born Gladys Bagg (April 12, 1899), she wrote extensively concerning domestic issues, including cooking, floral arrangement, and family pets, publishing well over fifty books. Gladys was employed for two decades (1937 – 1958) as a domestic journalist with the Ladies Home Journal, but was best known for her series of novels set in the background of her own farm ‘Stillmeadow’ in Connecticut, New Hampshire. Her first published novel was Late Climbs the Sun (1934), whilst her last novel Still Cove Journal (1981) was published posthumously. Gladys Taber died (March 11, 1980) aged eighty, at Hyannis in Massachusetts.

Tabiri – (fl. c770 – c750 BC)
Egyptian queen consort
Tabiri was the daughter of the Ethiopian ruler of Egypt King Alara and his wife Kasaqa. She became the first wife of King Py (Piankhy) (c770 – 730 BC). Her daughter Princess Shepenupet II served as the priestess (God’s Wife) of Amun.

Tabitha    see   Dorcas

Tacienne    see   Tatiana

Tacine of Somerset    see   Thomasine of Somerset

Taddaea Visconti – (1352 – 1381)
Italian-German princess
Taddaea Visconti was the daughter of Bernarbo Visconti, Count of Milan in Lombardy, and his wife Regina della Scala. Taddaea became the wife (1364) of Stephen III (1337 – 1413), Duke of Bavaria (1375 – 1392), as his first wife, and became duchess consort of Bavaria. After her death Stephen succeeded as the Duke of Ingoldstadt (1392). Duchess Taddaea died (Sept 28, 1381) aged twenty-nine. Taddaea was the ancestress of the Bourbon kings of Spain and France, as well as the kings of Scotland and England. Her two children were,

Tadj ol-Molouk – (1896 – 1982)
Iranian queen consort (1925 – 1941) and Empress Mother
Tadj ol-Molouk was born (March 17, 1896), the eldest daughter of General Teymur Tadfel Molouk Ayrumlu. Originally called Nimtaj she became the second wife (1916) of Reza Pahlavi (1878 – 1944), Shah (king) of Iran (1925 – 1941) and founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty, to whom she bore four children. Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was the mother of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919 – 1980) Shahanshah (emperor) of Iran (1941 – 1979) who succeeded after his father was forced to abdicate.
Tadj ol-Molouk accompanied her husband to Johannesburg in South Africa where he died. She then returned to Iran. Her son and daughter-in-law assumed the Imperial title and styles (Oct, 1967) at a magnificent coronation ceremony in Teheran. The queen mother’s coronation as empress took place privately a few weeks afterwards and she was styled Empress Mother. When the Imperial regime collapsed (1979), the elderly empress accompanied her family into exile. She resided in Mexico, Morocco, and finally in the USA. Empress Tadj ol-Molouk died (March 10, 1982) aged eighty-six, in California. Her second son Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi (1921 – 1954) was killed in a flying accident whilst her two daughters were the princesses Shams (1917 – 1996) and Ashraf Pahlavi (born 1919).

Tadolini, Eugenia – (1809 – 1872)
Italian soprano
Eugenia Savorini was born at Forli. She trained as an opera singer and made her stage debut in Venice (1828) before going on to perform in Parma and Trieste. Eugenia became the wife of the dramatic composer Giovanni Tadolini (1793 – 1872). Madame Tadolini performed at the Theatre Italien and became known especially for such roles as Elvira in Mozart’s Don Juan and Jane Seymour in Gaetano Donizetti’s Anne Boleyn in 1830.
Eugenia performed at La Scala in Milan and at Vienna in the title role of Bellini’s opera Norma (1835) and appeared in the premiere performance of Gaetano Donizetti’s opera Linda di Chamounix (1842). She performed in many works composed by Giuseppe Verdi, appearing as Odabella in Attila (1846) and in the title role of Lady Macbeth (1848). She achieved particular fame in London and Naples when she appeared in the title role of Donizetti’s Maria de Rohan (1851). Eugenia Tadolini died in Paris.

Tadukhipa – (fl. c1380 – c1360 BC)
Egyptian queen
Tadukhipa was the daughter of Tushratta, King of the Mitanni and his wife Yuni. She was sent to the court of Amenhotep III as a secondary queen in a political alliance organized by her father (c1369 BC), and surviving letters from her father, preserved in the royal archive at Tell-el-Amarna, inform us of her presecence at the court of Malkarta. Tadukhipa was married firstly to Amenhotep, and then, after his death, she became the secondary wife of his son and successor, the famous Akhenaten. She may be identical with Queen Kiya, the mother of Pharoah Tuthankhamun.

Taemwadjsi – (fl. c1340 BC)
Egyptian aristocrat and courtier
Taemwadjsi was the wife or sister of Huy, who served as viceroy of Nubia during the reign of King Tuthankhamun (c1347 – c1338 BC). Huy’s excavated tomb, revealed reliefs which portrayed Taemwadjsi and the titles recorded for her prove her to have been a lady of great social and official prominence. The title ‘Matron of the harem’ accorded her indicated that she sent local girls to the royal household in Thebes, in preperation for joining the pharoah’s harem. Taemwadjsi had an official religious role at the temple of Faras, and on occasion she deputized for the regional viceroy.

Taeuber, Irene Barnes – (1906 – 1974)
American demographer
Irene Barnes was born (Dec 25, 1906) at Meadsville, Missouri, the daughter of a farmer. She later attended the Missouri State Teachers’ College in Kirksville, after which she went on to study at the University of Missouri and the University of Minnesota. She was married (1929) to Conrad Taeuber, a fellow sociology student, to whom she bore two sons. She worked as her husband’s assistant at the Mount Holyoke College.
Irene Taeuber was best known for her important work with the PAA (Population Association of America), and was then a researcher and the co-editor of the Population Index (1936 – 1957) which was produced by the OPR (Office of Population Research) at Princeton University. She became greatly involved in demographic work organized by the government during the ‘New Deal’ period, and without any knowledge of Japanese she published The Population of Japan (1958) which was greatly acclaimed. Other published works included People of the United States in the Twentieth Century (1971). Irene Taeuber died (Feb 24, 1974) aged sixty-seven.

Taffel, Bess – (1915 – 2000)
Jewish-American screenwriter
Taffel was educated in New York, where she was a child performer in the Yiddish theatre. She later graduated with degrees in speech and literature at the University of Southern California. Becoming involved with the Hollywood Theater Alliance, Bess fell under the progressive influence of screenwriter Ben Barzman. Bess Taffel wrote melodramas, comedies, gangster movies, and westerns at Fox Studios, and produced films like Badman’s Territory (1946), A Likely Story (1947) and Elopement (1951).
Her career declined after Bess was blacklisted for refusing to answer to the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), though she had freely admitted being a member of the Communist party. Her career never recovered, and she was forced to submit television scripts under a pseudonym. Bess Taffel died in Los Angeles, California.

Taflia, Ethel Maud Sedley-Alessi, Marquesa della – (1872 – 1953)
Anglo-Maltese peeress
Ethel Sedley-Alessi was born (Sept 26, 1872) the only child of Frederick Sedley-Alessi (1837 – 1921), the fifth Marquis della Taflia of Malta, and his wife Edith Fanny Langdon, the granddaughter of the British admiral Sir J. Omanney. Ethel was married (1916) when aged over forty, to James Williamson-Wearing, the nephew of the first Baron Ashton of Ashton. The marriage remained childless. With the death of her father Mrs Williamson-Wearing succeeded to his title as the sixth Marquesa della Taflia, which peerage she held for over three decades (1921 – 1953). With her death the Taflia title passed into abeyance, it having been originally granted in 1790. The marquesa died (Jan 9, 1953) aged eighty.

Taft, Jessie – (1882 – 1960) 
American social reformer and psychiatric counselor
Julia Jessie Taft was born (June 24, 1882) in Dubuque, Iowa, the daughter of a businessman, Charles Chester Taft. She was raised in Des Moines and attended Drake University and then the University of Chicago. Though not a political activist herself, Jessie believed that as a social scientist she had a special place in the burgeoning women’s movement. Jessie Taft further developed concepts of ‘marginality’ and ‘role-strain’ which she then identified as the most crucial concepts of social conflict which involved women.
Her work with sociologists such as Talcott Parsons and Robert Park lead to special emphasis being placed upon the social construction of masculine and feminine gender identity, which contrasted strongly with the accepted social norms. Taft was the author of Problems in Delinquency – Where do they Belong (1922) and The Dynamics of the Therapy in a Controlled Relationship (1933). Jessie Taft died (June 7, 1960) aged seventy-seven, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Taggard, Genevieve – (1894 – 1948)
American author and poet
Genevieve Taggard was born at Waitsburg, Washington. Apart from biographical works such as The Life and Mind of Emily Dickinson (1930) and Remembering Vaughan in New England (1933) her own extensive collection of verses were published as Collected Poems, 1918 – 1938 (1938). Taggard’s particular fascination with Hawaii and her culture remained evident with her works Hawaiian Hilltop (1923) and Origin Hawaii (1947).

Tagliaferro, Magda – (1893 – 1986)
Brazilian pianist and concert performer
Magdalena Maria Yvonne Tagliaferro was born (Jan 19, 1893) at Petropolis in Brasil. Magda studied the piano under Alfred Cortot and she became known for the classical symmetry of her concert performances. She toured frequently with Gabriel Faure and she travelled throughout Europe, Asia and South America. She performed with many famous conductors such as Casals, Paray, Enescu and Furtwangler, amongst many others. Magda Talgliaferro died (Sept 19, 1986) aged ninety-three, in Rio de Janeiro.

Tagliapietri, Contessa di – (c1295 – c1308)
Italian nun and saint
Contessa was born into a patrician family in Venice and evinced a desire for the religious life from an early age. She attended mass at the Church of St Maur and her parents, wishing her to marry instead, forbade the servants to conduct her to church in the family gondola. She devoted her remaining energy to prayer and died soon afterwards, aged only thirteen. Revered as a saint in Venice from the time of her death the feast of St Contessa (Sept 8) was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum, but is recorded in none of the martyrologies.

Taglioni, Marie – (1804 – 1884) 
Italian dancer
Taglioni was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the daughter of an Italian ballet master, Filippo Taglioni, and a Swedish mother, Marie Karsten. Trained by her father, she made her debut in Vienna (1822).  Though plain and slightly hunchbacked, Marie was possessed of an astonishing grace as a dancer, and after some initial setbacks, she made triumphant tours in Germany, Italy and France, and danced at the Paris Opera (1827). Taglioni triumphed with her creation of La Sylphide (1832) which marked the great romantic era in ballet.
Marie was one of the first ballerinas to dance ‘sur les pointes’ (on point), and she was credit with inventing a new style of dance which incorporated such moves as the arabesque. Her father created other roles for Marie such as La Fille du Danube (1836), La Gitana (1838) and L’Ombre (1839) which were all modelled on La Sylphide. Marie was married to the French peer, the Comte de Voisins (1832), and retired from dancing, but they later seperated in 1835, and she had to work to support herself. From 1837 – 1839 Taglioni performed at the St Petersburg Imperial Theatre, and continued dancing until her second retirement in 1848. She later taught dancing and deportment to the children of Queen Victoria, and took some private pupils from the nobility. Despite her early fame, Marie Taglioni died in poverty at Marseilles in France.

Tahirah – (c1815 – 1852)
Iranian poet and theologian
Born Fatimah Baraqani, she was raised at Qazvin, near Teheran. She became a theologian of the Babi faith and was given the popular epithets of ‘Tahirah’ (The Pure One) or Qurratu’l-‘Ayn (Comfort of the Eyes).

Taigi, Anna Maria – (1769 – 1837)
Italian nun and saint
Born Anna Maria Gesualda in Siena (May 29, 1769), she was the daughter of an apothecary. She went to Rome in order to go into domestic service, and was married (1790) to fellow servant, Domenico Taigi, to whom she bore seven children. Anna Maria was credited with the gift of religious prophecy, and experienced visions and mystical ecstasies. Also known for her care of the poor and sick, her virtues were attested by her confessor, a Servite monk. Anna Maria Taigi died (June 9, 1837) aged sixty-eight. She was later beatified (1920) by Pope Benedict XV (1914 – 1922).

Tailboys, Elizabeth – (1520 – 1563)
English Tudor peeress
Elizabeth Tailboys was the only daugter of Gilbert Tailboys (died 1530), first Baron Tailboys (1529 – 1530) and Baron Kyme (created 1295), and his wife Elizabeth (Bessie) Blount, the former mistress of Henry VIII. Thus Elizabeth Tailboys was uterine half-sister to Henry Fitzroy (1519 – 1536), Duke of Richmond. Elizabeth succeeded her brother Robert as fourth Baroness Tailboys (1541 – 1563) and Baroness Kyme. She was married firstly before 1542, to Thomas Wymbish (died 1553), of Nocton, Lincolnshire, the ward of Lord John Hussey, but their marriage remained childless. In 1542 the couple had livery of her inheritance of the Tailboys estates. Wymbish claimed the barony of Tailboys in her right, but it was ruled by Henry VIII, on the advice of the Lord Chief Justice, that a husband could not bear his wife’s title unless he had issue by her, this being the final decision on this point (1541 – 1546).
Elizabeth was remarried secondly (1553) to Ambrose Dudley (1528 – 1590) as his second wife. Dudley, who was created third Earl of Warwick (1561) by Elizabeth I, was younger brother to the queen’s favourite, Sir Robert Dudley. Elizabeth Tailboys was thus Countess of Warwick (1561 – 1563). Lady Elizabeth died (before March 28 in 1563) aged forty-two. As she remained childless the barony of Tailboys became extinct at her death, though the barony of Kyme devolved upon her surviving uncle, William Tailboys.

Tailleferre, Germaine – (1892 – 1983) 
French composer and pianist
Born Germaine Taillesse at Parc-St Maur, near Paris (April 19, 1892), she studied at the Paris Conservatoire and under Maurice Ravel (1875 – 1937). Germaine was the only female member of the group of young composers and musicians known as Les Six (1917), which included Arthur Honegger (1892 – 1955) and the pianist Francois Poulenc (1899 – 1963). Germaine Tailleferre’s works included the Concertino (1926) for harp and orchestra the Chansons francaises (1930) and the Clarinet Sonata (1958). She published her autobiography entitled Memoires a l’ emporte piece (1974). Her first husband was the American writer and illustrator Ralph Barton (1891 – 1931), and her second was the noted French lawyer Jean Lageat. Germaine Tailleferre died (Nov 6, 1983) aged ninety-one, in Paris.

Taiping – (662 – 713)
Chinese Imperial princess
Taiping was the only surviving daughter of the Emperor Gaozong (Kao-Tsung) of the Tang Dynasty, and his famous second wife the Empress Wu Zetian. She was sisters to the emperors Chung Tsung and Jui-Tsung. Princess Taiping was married twice, firstly to Hsueh Shao (died 689), and secondly to Wu Yu-chi, Prince Ting. A great beauty she was a powerful figure at the court during the latter part of her mother’s reign (690 – 705), and then during that of her brother.
With the accession of her nephew Emperor Xuanzong (712) with whom she was rumoured to have been involved in an incestuous connection. However her power and position within the imperial court rendered the princess a threat to her husband and the emperor was persuaded to order her removal, on a charge of involvement in a nebulous conspiracy against the emperor. Princess Taiping was permitted to commit suicide and hanged herself (Oct 1 or 2, 713).

Tait, Bessie Norris – (1878 – 1939)
Australian painter and miniaturist
Bessie Tait was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and studied under Fred McCubbin at the National Gallery School there. She later travelled to London (1905) where she attended classes at the Slade School. Exhibitions of her work were held at the Royal Academy and the National Portrait Salon in London, at the Paris Salon, and at the Australian Watercolour Institute. Examples of her work are preserved in the Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney. Bessie Tait was a member of the Royal Society of Miniature Painters.

Tait, Margaret – (1919 – 1999)
Scottish writer, poet and film director
Margaret Tait was born in Orkney, and completed her studies to become a physician. She then travelled to Italy where she studied film directing in Rome. She directed the movie Blue Black Permanent (1993).

Tait, Sylvia – (1917 – 2003) 
Anglo-Russian endocrinologist
Born in Tuman, Siberia, the daughter of a Scottish agronomist and a Russian mathematician, she came to Britain with her parents (1919) and was educated at Ealing, Oxford, and King’s College, London. Sylvia worked on nerve regeneration before being appointed assistant head of the biological department at the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry at Middlesex Hospital Medical School (1944). This would lead to her partnership with medical lecturer James Tait, who would later become her second husband.
The couple went to America (1959) and worked at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Massachusetts. In 1971 they returned to Middlesex, and were made joint directors of the biophysical endocrinology laboratory. Together they developed a method of measuring the effect of adrenal hormones on the metabolism of minerals in the human body. They identified the hormone aldosterone, which forms part of the mechanism which regulates blood pressure (1952). They were honoured with many prestigious awards and both were elected Fellows of the Royal Society (1959), the first husband and wife partnership to be elected simultaneously.

Taitu     see     Taytu Betul

Tajlu Khanum – (c1495 – 1540) 
Safavid princess
Tajlu Khanum was the chief wife of Shah Ismail I, and was the mother of Sultan Tamasp I and of Princess Shahzada Sultanum. Tajlu Khanum was the daughter of Prince Isa bin Baqr Musllo, who was from a cadet branch of the Aq Qoyunlu house of Persia. She was an extremely well educated woman, possessed of exemplary political and diplomatic skill. She acted as her husband’s personal counsellor, and accompanied him on his travels throughout his kingdom, and is known to have participated in diplomatic correspondence attached to the court. This role was eventually taken over by their daughter Shahzada, who was granted an extensive education in Persian grammar and calligraphy.
Tajlu Khanum was the mother of the Emperor Tahmasp I (1513 – 1576) who left descendants, whilst her daughter Princess Mahin Banu Sultanum (1519 – 1562) remained unmarried. She was perhaps also the mother of Tahmasp’s younger brother, brother Prince Abu’l Fath Bahram Mirza (1517 – 1549) who also left descendants.

Taka – (1929 – 1989)
Japanese Imperial princess
Born Princess Taka-no-Kazuko Naishimo (Sept 30, 1929) in Tokyo, she was the third daughter of the Emperor Hirohito (Showa) (1926 – 1989) and his wife Empress Nagako. She was sister to Emperor Akihito and attended school at the Gakushuin. Princess Taka was married (1950) to Takatsukasa Toshimichi (1923 – 1966), the son of a former prince and peer, and was referred to officially as Mrs Takatsukasa Toshimichi. Their marriage remained childless, and the couple later adopted a son, Naotake, from the noble Matsudaira family. The princess survived her husband for over two decades, and during her widowhood the princess served as lady custodian and chief priestess of the Grand Ise Shrine. Princess Taka died (May 28, 1989) aged fifty-nine.

Takaishvili, Sesil – (1906 –1984)
Georgian stage, film and television actress
Born (Sept 20, 1906) at Batumi in Ajaria province, Takaishvili was best known for such film roles as Manana in Chirveuli mezobtebi (Fickle Neighbours), and for her appearance in the television movie Data tutashkhia (The Shore) (1977). Sesil Takaishvili died (May 21, 1984) aged seventy-seven, in Tbilisi.

Takhat I (Takhae) – (c1275 – c1202 BC)
Egyptian queen mother
Takhat I was the mother of the vizier Amenmesse (c1260 – 1200 BC), who briefly succeeded as pharoah after the death of King Merneptah (1204 – 1200 BC). Her parentage is not known, but Takhat had not been s princess or chief queen during the reign of Merneptah, though she probably had been a lesser concubine or intimate of the royal harem of Ramessess II the Great.
When her son ascended the throne, Takhat was accorded the rank of queen mother being accorded the title of ‘King’s Mother.’ She died duiring his short reign. Her name was found on surviving inscriptions found in her son’s unfinished tomb at Biban el-Moluk. A mummy, believed to be hers, was amongst those found in her son’s tomb. She was probably related to Takhat II, the wife of her stepson Seti II, and mother of the child pharoah Merenptah-Siptah (c1194 – c1189 BC).

Takhat II – (fl. 1204 – 1194 BC)
Queen consort of Egypt
Takhat II was a royal princess, perhaps a daughter of King Amenmesse (1204 – 1200 BC), and was the granddaughter of Ramesses II the Great.  She was married to King Seti II and was the mother of the child ruler, Merneptah-Siptah, being accorded the title of ‘King’s Mother.’ Her name appeared only on statues of her husband.

Talbot, Elizabeth    see    Hardwick, Bess

Talbot, Elizabeth Scrope, Lady    see   Scrope, Elizabeth

Talbot, Margaret O’Reilly – (c1745 – 1834)
Irish heiress and peeress (1831 – 1834)
Margaret O’Reilly was the eldest daughter of James O’Reilly, of Ballinlough Castle, Westmeath, of the Milesian princely house of Breftney, and his wife Barbara Nugent, the daughter of Andrew Nugent of Dysart, Westmeath, and the sister of Sir Hugh Nugent, baronet. Margaret was married (1766) to Richard Talbot (died 1788), of Malahide, to whom she bore twelve children.
King William IV created her Baroness Talbot of Malahide, and Lady Malahide of Malahide, Dublin (1831) when she had been forty years a widow, with remainder to the male heirs of her body. Lady Talbot died (Sept 27, 1834). Her children included Richard Wogan Talbot (1766 – 1849) who succeeded his mother as the second Baron Talbot of Malahide (1834 – 1849). He was married twice but left no surviving issue and the barony passed to Margaret’s second son James (1767 – 1850), the third Baron who left issue. Lady Margaret’s younger sons included Admiral Sir John Talbot (1768 – 1851) who left issue, and Colonel Thomas Talbot (died 1853) a member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Her eldest daughter Barbara Talbot (died 1830) became the wife of Sir William Young (died 1815), the Governor of Tobago.

Talbot, Mary Anne – (1778 – 1808) 
British soldier
Talbot was born into a poor family and orphaned whilst young. She later eloped with an older man, Captain Bowen, and travelled with him to St Domingo disguised as a footboy named John Taylor. Talbot retained her male attire in and was a drummer boy with the army in Flanders (1792 – 1793), where she took an active part in the capture of the city of Valenciennes. She later deserted the army and worked as a cabin boy in the navy, and was later wounded in battle (1794).
After spending two years in a French prison disguised as a man, she was released, her true sex being discovered in England when she was seized by a press gang. Due her having been wounded in action Talbot was granted a small pension by the Crown. She later worked as a domestic servant in London in the household of the publisher Robert Kirkby who published an account of her life in his own Wonderful Museum(1804) and after her early death he then published her own narrative of her adventures as The Life and Surprising Adventures of Mary Anne Talbot (1809).

Talbot, Dame Meriel Lucy Chetwynd – (1866 – 1956)
British civil servant and women’s welfare reformer
Meriel Talbot was born (June 16, 1866) in Westminster, London, the third daughter of hon. (Honourable) John Gilbert Chetwynd Talbot (1835 – 1910) of Falconhurst, near Edenbridge in Kent, and his wife the Hon. Meriel Sarah Lyttelton, the daughter of George William Lyttelton (1817 – 1876), fourth Baron Lyttelton. She was educated at the Kensington School and then served as secretary of the Victoria League. She remained unmarried.
For her work as director of the Women’s Branch, in the Ministry of Agriculture (1917 – 1921), she was created DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by King George V (1920) in recognition of her valuable volunteer work during the war years. Serving as a member of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Appeals and Advisory Committees, Dame Meriel was also a member of the Government Overseas Settlement Committee, and was appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Police (1928). She was appointed as chairman of the London Council for the Welfare of Women and Girls (1933 – 1951). Dame Meriel Talbot died (Dec 15, 1956) aged ninety.

Talcott, Mary Rowlandson    see   Rowlandson, Mary White

Talesa of Aragon – (c1070 – after 1155)
Spanish royal heiress
Talesa was a member of the Jimenez dynasty of Aragon, being the elder daughter and coheiress of Sancho Ramirez, Count of Aybar (died after 1117) and his first wife Beatriz Aner, the daughter of Armand Aner, Vicomte de Montaner (died before 1095). Her father was the illegitimate son of Ramiro I, King of Aragon (1035 – 1063). Talesa was married (before 1085) to Gaston IV, Vicomte de Bearn in Navarre, whose father desired a closer link with the ruling houses of Aragon and Navarre.
The Vicomtesse ruled Bearn as regent during her husband’s absence on crusade in Palestine (1096 – 1101). Talesa inherited the vicomte of Montaneres which included the pays of Montaner and some estates in Riviere Basse in Bearn, which were then incorporated into the familial estates of the Bearn family. Talesa founded several religious houses which fact is attested by surviving charters including one dated to 1136 which recorded a grant of estates made to the Abbey of Saint-Jean de Sorde by vicecomitissa Bearnensi … Atelesa. After her husband was killed in battle near Valencia, Talesa ruled Bearn as regent for their son Centule VI (1131 – 1134). When he was killed at the battle of Braga a few years afterwards (1134) Talesa then ruled as regent for his successor Pierre II (the son of her daughter) who was a child.
Talesa supported Ramiro II of Aragon against the claim of his kinsman Alfonso VII of Leon. When this dynastic altercation was finally decided in favour of Ramiro’s son-in-law Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona, Raymond wished to restore pleasant relations with Bearn and made a grant of the estates of Huesca and Bespen to Condesa Talesa. She was still living (Nov, 1155) when as Talesa vicecomitissa she granted property to her servant. Of her daughters Guiscarde de Bearn (died after 1154) became the wife of Pierre, Vicomte de Gavaret and left issue, whilst her unnamed sister was married to Bernard Aiz II, Seigneur d’Albret (died c1164) and left issue.

Talida (Talisdis) – (fl. c450 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian abbess and ascetic
Known as ‘Amma Talida’ (Mother Talida), she became abbess of Antinois in the Thebaid region of Egypt. Talida was recorded as a saint (Jan 5) in the Acta Sanctorum, and also by Palladius in his Lausiaca.

Tallard, Marie Isabelle Angelique Gabrielle de Rohan-Soubise, Duchesse de – (1699 – 1755)
French courtier
Marie Isabelle de Rohan-Soubise was the daughter of Hercules Meriadec de Rohan, Duc de Rohan and Prince de Soubise, and his wife Anne Genevieve de Levis-Ventadour.  Marie Isabelle was married (1713) at the Palace of Versailles, in the presecence of Louis XIV and his court, to Marie Joseph de La Baume d’Hostun, Duc de Tallard (1681 – 1753).
The Duchesse de Tallard was the granddaughter of the Duchesse de Ventadour, the governess of Louis XV, and she was appointed lady-in-waiting (dame du palais) to his queen, Marie Leszcsynszka (1725). She later succeeded her grandmother as state governess of the royal children (1732). She survived her husband as the Dowager Duchesse de Tallard (1753 – 1755). Her only child, Louis Charles, Comte d’Hostun predeceased her without issue (1739). The Duchesse de Tallard died (Jan 4, 1755) aged fifty-five.

Talleyrand, Catherine Noel Werlee, Princesse de – (1762 – 1835)
French Bourbon and Bonapartist courtier and figure of scandal
Catherine Noel Werlee was born (Nov 21, 1762) at Tranquebar, near Pondicherry, India, the eldest daughter of Pierre Werlee, a Breton captain, and his second wife Laurence Alleigne. Blonde haired and angelically beautiful, with a perfect figure, Catherine was married firstly (1777) at Chandernagore, to George Francis Grand (c1745 – 1820), a gentleman employed by the British East India Company. The couple then settled in Calcutta where Madame Grand’s beauty attracted much attention. There she became entangled in an embarrassing scandal connecting her with Philip Francis (later Sir) (1740 – 1818), then a clerk in the war office. No criminal association was proved but Catherine was forced to leave her husband’s house and return to her parents. Francis followed her and persuaded her to live with him as his mistress, which she did until 1781, when she went to Europe.
In England she resided with Thomas Lewin (1753 – 1837) of the Madras Civil Service as his mistress. The couple travelled to Paris where Catherine had her portrait painted by Madame Vigee-Lebrun. When they parted Lewin gave her a generous cash settlement. She then resided under the protection of various aristocrats until the horrors of the Revolution forced her to flee from Paris (1792). She arrived in Dover with her maid and little cash, though an admirer returned to France and gallantly recovered her fortune which had been hurriedly left behind. When she later returned to France, she was accompanied by the Genoese diplomat, Cristoforo Spinola. Madame Grand became the mistress (1797) of the former Bourbon minister, Charles Maurice, Prince de Talleyrand (1754 – 1838). Her marriage with Grand was annulled (1798) and they resided openly together. Napoleon later forced Talleyrand to regularize their relationship, which forced him to marry her (1802). There were no children. Despite her great beauty, which was universally admired, and her unwavering good-humour, the princesse was also profoundly simple and uneducated, and her stupidity became a legend in her own lifetime.
The princesse was later involved in a lengthy liasion (1808 – 1828) with the Spanish grandee, the Duque de San Carlos, but there remains no evidence of her husband’s resentment. During her later years Catherine developed an unseemly arrogance which ill-became her, and led to both public and private mockery of her behaviour. This became an increasing source of embarassment to her husband. The couple travelled to Vienna in 1814, at which time the Comtesse de Boigne observed, “ The remains of her great beauty still adorned her stupidity with a certain amount of dignity.” Finally the Prince de Talleyrand installed his niece, Dorothea, Duchesse de Dino as his official hostess in Paris, and Princesse Catherine was exiled to her estate at Pont-de-Sains, which had been settled on her at the time of her marriage. There she was ordered to remain, under threat of her allowance being stopped. She appealed to her husband through the Duke of Wellington, but this appeal fell on deaf ears. She never saw her husband again. During her later years she entertained the poet Thomas Moore and the writer Viennot at her Paris house in the Rue de Bourbon. Princesse de Talleyrand died (Dec 10, 1835) aged seventy-three, and was interred within the cemetery of Montparnasse. Her husband had remained absent from both her deathbed and her funeral.

Tallien, Therese de Cabarrus – (1773 – 1835)
French adventuress and revolutionary political figure
Therese de Cabarrus was born (July 31, 1773) at Caranbanchel Alto, near Madrid, Spain, the daughter of a Spanish banker, Francesco, Conde de Cabarrus (1752 – 1810), minister of finance under King Carlos IV of Spain. Therese was married firstly (1789) to the Bourbon peer, Jean, Marquis de Fontenay. With the outbreak of the Revolution the couple fled to Bordeaux but became seperated. Her husband emigrated but Therese remained in Paris and reverted to her maiden name, obtaining a divorce (1791).
During the Terror instigated by Maximilien Robespierre, Therese was forced to go into hiding in Bordeaux. Arrested as the wife of an émigré, she became the mistress of Jean Lambert Tallien (1767 – 1820), and was able to obtain through him the release of many innocent prisoners. She executed strong influences over Tallien in the politics of the National Convention.
However Therese was then arrested by Robespierre and imprisoned in La Force and then at Carmes, where she met Josephine de Beauharnais, the future empress. She assisted with the rising against Robespierre and was released from prison after which she was publicly acclaimed a heroine as ‘Notre Dame de Thermidor’ (1795). She later became the mistress of Paul Barras and resided with him at the Luxembourg Palace. Her beauty attracted much attention and the Duchesse d’Abrantes compared her with the Capitoline Venus, noting ‘But she was even more beautiful than Phidias’statue, for she possessed the same purity of feature, the same perfection of arms, hands, and feet, with the noted advantage of being alive. The outward form was the mirror of her soul, the reflection of her finest quality – kindness.”
Therese later married Tallien but the marriage ended in divorce (1802) after which she established her own popular salon in Paris. The emperor Napoleon disliked her, possibly because she rejected his advances, and forbade her attendance at the Imperial court, once furiously upbraiding the Empress Josephine for receiving her during his abscence. Therese later remarried to Francois Philippe Joseph de Riquet (1771 – 1842), Comte de Caraman (1805) and later the Prince de Chimay, through whom she left many descendants.

Tallone, Gisele Marie Madeleine    see   Pascal, Gisele

Talmadge, Constance – (1898 – 1973)
American film star and commedienne
Constance Talmadge was born (April 19, 1898) in Brooklyn, New York. She was the daughter of actress Margaret Talmadge and was sister to actresses Natalie and Norma Talmadge, and specialized in romantic comedy films during the silent period making her first appearance in the Vitagraph fim In Bridal Attire (1914). She was perhaps best remembered in the role of The Mountain Girl in the classic epic produced by D.W. Griffiths entitled Intolerance: Love’s Struggle Throughout the Ages (1916).
Her other film credits included Matrimaniac (1916), A Pair of Silk Stockings (1918), Wedding Bells (1921), The Primitive Lover (1922) and The Dangerous Maid (1923). She and her sisters remained financially secure to to wise financial investments made on their behalf by their mother. Constance was married four times and suffered from alcoholism during the latter part of her life. Constance Talmadge died (Nov 23, 1973) aged seventy-five, in Los Angeles, California.

Talmadge, Natalie – (1898 – 1969)
American film star
Natalie Talmadge was born (April 29, 1898) in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of actress Margaret Talmadge and was the sister to Norma and Constance Talmadge. She appeared in several silent films and played supporting roles in the films of her sister Norma, but retired in order to marry (1921) the comic actor Buster Keaton (1895 – 1966) from whom she was later divorced (1932). She worked with her two sisters to open the Talmadge Park real estate development in San Diego, California (1927). Natalie Talmadge died (June 19, 1969) aged seventy-one, in Santa Monica, California.

Talmadge, Norma – (1893 – 1957)
American film star
Norma Talmadge was born (May 26, 1893) in Jersey City, the daughter of actress Margaret Talmadge and was the sister of Constance and Natalie Talmadge. She attended secondary school in Brooklyn and her first film role was a minor one in the silent reel The Household Pest (1909). She appeared in many silent films such as Battle Cry of Peace (1914), Forbidden City (1918), Within the Law (1923) and The Dove (1928).
Her other film credits included The Wonderful Thing (1921), The Eternal Flame (1922), and The Song of Love (1923). Despite her beauty her voice did not survive the advent of sound and her film The Woman Disputed (1928) was a failure at the box-office. This heralded the end of her film career and Norma retired after making her final appearance in DuBarry, Woman of Passion (1930). Norma Talmadge was involved in successful real estate development with her two sisters and was married three times. Norma Talmadge died (Dec 24, 1957) aged sixty-four, at Las Vegas in Nevada.

Talmond, Maria Ludovica Jablonowska, Princesse de – (1711 – 1773)
Polish-French courtier
Princess Maria Ludovica Jablonowska was the daughter of Count Jan Stanislaus Jablonowski and his wife Jeanne Marie de Bethune. She was cousin to Queen Marie Lesczinska, the consort of Louis XV (1715 – 1774). Maria Ludovica became the wife (1730) of Anne Charles Frederic de La Tremoille, Prince de Talmond and Comte de Taillebourg (1711 – 1759). Famous at the court of Versailles for her beauty, witty conversation, and charming manner, according to the Marquis Du Deffand, the princess ‘was feared and disliked by all who live in her society. Yet she has truth, courage and honesty. She pleases, she provokes, we love and hate her, seek her and avoid her.’
Maria Ludovica survived her husband as Dowager Princesse de Talmond (1759 – 1773), and was the mother to Antoine de La Tremoille, Prince de Talmond (1731 – 1794), interred within the Chateau de Laval. During the lifetime of her husband, the princesse indulged in several tempestuous affair as the mistress firstly of Stanislas Leszczynski, King of Poland, father-in-law of Louis XV, and secondly, when almost forty (1748), as mistress of the ‘Young Pretender,’ Charles Edward Stuart (1720 – 1788), nearly a decade her junior. When he was forced to leave France she joined him in the papal city of Avignon, where she remained until he left for London (1750), whereupon the princesse returned to France and the court at Versailles.  Madame de Talmond died (Dec 20, 1772) in Paris, aged sixty-two.

Talulla – (fl. c550 – 590)
Irish nun and abbess
Talulla was the daughter of Naithfraich, the reader of St Brigid. Her three siblings were all revered as saints. She was living, though then elderly, as superior of the convent of Kildare (590). Talulla was revered as a saint (Jan 6).

Talvas, Mabel – (c1032 – 1079)
Norman murderess
Mabel Talvas was the daughter of Guillaume II Talvas, Count of Alencon, and his first wife Adelberga. She became the first wife (c1045) of Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, to whom she bore nine children, including the famous baron Robert de Belleme (1056 – 1134). According to the Norman chronicler Ordericus Vitalis, the countess was an extremely wicked woman and poisoner who had plotted the death of her husband’s enemy Arnold de Echauffour, accidentally murdering her brother-in-law Gilbert de Montgomery, before she managed to achieve her objective.
Mabel was herself murdered (Dec, 1079) at Bures-sur-Dives by Hugh de la Roche d’Ige, whilst relaxing in her chamber after having her bath. Mabel had deprived a minor nobleman Pantulf de Perai of his lands and patrimony. Pantulf was a friend of Hugh, and was also suspected of complicity in the murder. She was buried in the Abbey of Troarn. Her eldest daughter Emma de Montgomery became the Abbess of Almeneches in Normandy.

Talvio, Maila Winter – (1871 – 1951)
Finnish romantic novelist
Maila Winter was born at Hartola, the daughter of a village pastor, and was the maternal granddaughter of a priest. With her father’s death (1880) Maila was raised at the family estate of Nipuli. She studied the piano was her true talent lay with writing. She became the wife (1893) of the noted linguist and academic J.J. Mikkola (1866 – 1946), and became a member of the important Finnish literary salons of the era.
Madame Talvio produced patriotic and nationalistic works as Finland was then under Russian rule, her published works being articles which were published in the Suomen Kuvalehti magazine. Her novels depicted the honest lives of the hard working peasantry which she contrasted with the corruption of the cities. She also produced devotional works and historical novels for which she is best remembered. Maila Talvio died in Helsinki.

Talvj, Ernst Berthold    see   Robinson, Therese Albertine Louise

Tamairangi – (c1775 – c1828)
New Zealand Maori poet
Tamairangi was born on Arapawa Island. She became a great beauty and was married to Whanake, one of the principal leaders of the Ngati Ira, living at Porirua. She composed formal waita (farewell song) and was probably killed at raikaura during a tribal war.

Tamako – (1101 – 1145)
Japanese empress
Fujiwara Tamako was the daughter of Fujiwara no Kinzane, and was the niece of Akiko, the wife of Emperor Ichijo. Tamako became the first wife of the Emperor Toba (1103 – 1156) and was the mother of the Emperor Sutoku (1119 – 1164).

Tamar I (Tamara Mepe) – (1159 – 1213) 
Queen regnant of Georgia
Tamar I was the daughter of King Giorgio III. Her father installed her beside him as co-ruler (1178) and with his death (1183) she succeeded as queen. She ended her first marriage (1180) with the Russian prince of Novgorod, George Bogolyubski, the son of Grand Duke Andrei I of Vladimir, the union having remained childless. Tamar was remarried (1189) to the Bagratid prince David Solsani (died 1207), to whom she bore two children, and assured the succession to the throne.
Queen Tamar kept control of her unruly nobility by insisting upon compulsory attendance at court, where their various activities could be closely monitored. After the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade (1204), the queen assisted her cousins, Alexius and David Komneni (the grandsons of Emperor Andronikus I by her aunt) to establish themselves at Trebizond, where the Komneni ruled till 1461. She led her army on horseback when required and personally led the successful campaign which destroyed the Turkish forces of the Sultan of Rum at Basiani (1205), being popularly acclaimed by her troops as ‘King Tamara.’ The queen added considerable territories to her kingdom during her reign, but these were taken by the Mongols after her death, due to the incompetence of her children.
Queen Tamar patronised Georgian arts and letters, including the poet Shota Rustaveli, who was traditionally said to have been in love with her. His famous epic The Knight in Panther’s Skin was dedicated to her. Queen Tamar died (Jan 18, 1213) aged sixty-three, and was interred within the family mausoleum at Gelati. She was succeeded by her son David Solsani (1194 – 1223), who took the name of Giorgio IV Lasha.

Tamar II – (1696 – 1746)
Queen regnant of Georgia (1744 – 1746)
Tamar II was the daughter of Vakhtang VI, King of Kartli and his wife Rusudani Quilchiko. She was married (1712) at Tbilisi, to her kinsman, Theimuraz II, King of Kacheti (1732 – 1744), as his second wife. Tamar was proclaimed queen of Georgia in 1744 but her husband ruled (1744 – 1762) in her right, retaining the kingdom after her death. Queen Tamar died (April 12, 1746) aged forty-nine, and was buried at Mtzkheta. Her seven children were,

Tamar the Elder – (fl. c990 – c980 BC)
Hebrew princess
Princess Tamar was the daughter of David, King of Israel (c1000 – 966 BC) by one of his later wife Maacah of Geshur, the daughter of Talmai, King of Geshur. She was the full sister of Prince Absalom and her name in Hebrew meant ‘date palm.’ Tamar was later raped by her elder half-brother Prince Amnon, and fled to her brother Absalom for protection. In revenge Absalom caused Amnon to be murdered. Her story was recorded in the bible (Samuel II. 13: 1 – 29). No other historical details concerning this princess have been recorded. She is not to be confused with her niece Tamar, the daughter of Absalom.

Tamar the Younger – (fl. c970 – c960 BC)
Hebrew princess
Princess Tamar was the daughter of Prince Absalom, the son of David, King of Israel (c1000 – 966 BC). She was named in honour of her aunt Tamar, her father’s sister and daughter of King David with whom she should not be confused. This lady is mentioned only once in biblical sources (Samuel II. 14: 27) which recorded ‘And unto Absalom there were born three sons, and onde daughter, whose name was Tamar: she was a woman of fair countenance.’ No marriage is recorded for her and she may have died young.

Tamargo-Sanchez, Margarita – (1915 – 2005)
Cuban-American pharmacist and bacteriologist
Tamargo-Sanchez was born (Sept 30, 1915) in Havana. She conducted important research at the Mt Sinai Hospital in New York (1968 – 1980). Margarita Tamargo-Sanchez died (Oct 2, 2005) aged ninety, in Miami, Florida.

Tambo, Adelaide Frances – (1929 – 2007)
Black-African anti-apartheid activist, national hero and political exile
Tambo was born (July 18, 1929) in Tshukudu. She was the wife of Oliver Tambo (1917 – 1993), the president of the ANC (Africal National Congress). Adelaide Tambo died (Jan 31, 2007) aged seventy-six, at Johannesburg, South Africa.

Tamiris, Helen Becker – (1902 – 1966)
American dancer and choreographer
Born Helen Becker (April 24, 1902) in New York, she was the daughter of Jewish-Russian immigrant parents. Helen Becker received dance instruction from Irene Lewisohn before performing with the Metropolitan Opera Ballet, when she adopted the professional surname of ‘Tamiris.’ She studied ballet under Michel Fokine and performed with Fanny Brice in New York (1924). Tamiris then worked as a nightclub performer in Chicago, Illinois, before travelling abroad in Germany and France.
Helen Tamiris assisted with the foundation of the Dance Repertory Theater (1930 – 1931) and was then appointed as director of the School of American Dance (1930 – 1945). Her works explored explicit social themes and included Revolutionary March (1929), the Walt Whitman Suite (1934) considered her best work and Adelante (1939). With her husband she was co-director of the Tamiris-Nagrin dance company (1960 – 1963) and choreographed several Broadway musical productions. Helen Becker Tamiris died (Aug 5, 1966) aged sixty-four, in New York.

Tamyris (Tomyris) – (fl. c540 – 530 BC)
Scythian queen of the Massagetae tribe
The Massagetae territory was situated beyond the Jaxartes River in Scythia. A famous warrior queen, according to the Greek historian Herodotus, King Cyrus of Persia offered to marry Tamyris in order to gain control of her lands. Tamyris scornfully rejected his offer, and Cyrus invaded Scythia, defeating her advance guard despite the fact that they had surprised the Persian camp, and captured her eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Spargapises, who committed suicide. With her son’s death, Tamyris led her armies personally, acting as military commander. At a great battle (530 BC), Cyrus was defeated and killed. To avenge the death of her son, she dipped the Persian king’s head in blood crying ‘I give you your fill of blood.’ Details of her later career remain unrecorded.

Tanailidi, Pamphylia (Panfilia) – (1891 – 1937)
Azerbaijani-Greek stage and film actress
Born in Bashkand, Syunik province, Armenia, to Kars émigrés, Tanailidi appeared in films such as Ismat (1934) and Almaz (1936). She was later arrested by the Russian government, who accused her of being an Iranian spy. Pamphylia Tanailidi refused to plead guilty and was executed in Baku by firing squad (Oct 15, 1937).

Tanaka, Kinuyo – (1910 – 1977)
Japanese film actress and producer
Tanaka was born (Nov 28, 1910) in Shinomoseki City and attended school in Osaka. She performed with the Biwa Shojo Kafeti Girls revue in Osaka (1920 – 1923) before joining the important Shochiku Kamata Film Company (1924). Tanaka became a famous star of the silent screen and played a variety of roles, appearing in Genroku Onna (Women of Genroku). She transferred easily to sound films and achieved popular success in Madame to Nyobo (Madame and wife) (1931) and Okato to Sasuke (1935) in which she portrayed a blind woman.
However, she is best remembered for her collaboration with the noted director Kenji Mizoguchi, when she made such famous films as Sai (The life of Oharu) (1952), Ugetsu (1953) and Sansho the Bailiff (1954). Kinuyo Tanaka later became a director (1953 – 1962), her best known work being Love Letter (1953), though she continued to work in films and television as well. Her portrayal of a prostitute in Sandakan No. 8 (1974) caused her to be awarded the Kinema Jumpo Prize and the Best Actress award at the Berlin Festival (1975). Her last film role was as a farmer in Daichi no komonita (Lullaby of the Earth) (1976). Kinuyo Tanaka died (March 21, 1977) aged sixty-six.

Tanaquil – (c640 – c570 BC)
Roman queen
Tanaquil was the wife of King Tarquinius Priscus (616 – 579 BC), whom she survived. According to Livy in his Early History of Rome, Tanaquil was said to have fully shared her husband’s ambitions, and to have planned the eventual rise of Servius Tullius to the throne by marrying him to their daughter Tarquinia. Queen Tanaquil was famous for her skills of divination, which remained enshrined in later literary traditions.

Tandu Khatun – (c1365 – 1419)
Mongol ruler
Tandu Khatun was born in Baghdad, the daughter of al-Din Husayn, Khan of the Jalayirid dynasty. She was married firstly (c1379) to the Circassian Mamlik sultan, al-Zahir Barquq, and with his death (1391), she returned to Baghdad and married her Jalayirid cousin, Sultan Valod, whose murder she later arranged (1411) in order to assume sole power in Baghdad.
Queen Tandu appears to have ruled ostensibly as regent for her stepson, Sultan Mahmud (1411 – 1415), but the real extent of her power is revealed by her surviving coinage. Tandu was briefly ousted from power (1415) by another stepson, Sultan Uways II, but she retained the provinces of Wasit and Basra, in southern Iraq under her own control, though she was forced to pay homage to Timurid overlords. Eventually the queen killed her stepson, and again assumed sole control of the government in Baghdad. Tandu remained in power till her death.

Tandy, Jessica – (1907 – 1994) 
Anglo-American stage and film actress
Tandy was born in London where she made her stage debut (1929). She travelled to the USA where she made her Broadway debut (1930) with some considerable success. Jessica Tandy’s career continued to climb and she made notable appearances such as the opposite Sir John Gielgud in Hamlet (1934) and as Blanche Du Bois in A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), amongst others. Her second husband was the actor Hugh Cronyn (born 1911) with whom she worked on Broadway in such productions as A Delicate Balance (1966) and Foxfire (1982). She appeared in many films such and received an Academy Award for her appearance in the title role of Driving Miss Daisy (1989) opposite Morgan Freeman.

Tanefru – (fl. c1800 BC)
Egytian queen
Tanefru was the daughter of King Amenemhet III, and she became chief consort to her brother, Amenemhet IV. Her name appeared in royal cartouches with the title of ‘King’s Wife’ and she may have been the sister or half-sister to Queen Sobkneferu, the sucessor of Amenhemhet IV, they both being married to their brother. Either Sobkneferu had the more senior position or Queen Tanefru had died before her husband.

Tang, Frances Young – (1938 – 1992)
Chinese-American preservationist
Frances Young was born in Paris, the daughter of a Chinese diplomat, Kuangson Young, and was later stepdaughter of the Chinese ambassador to Washington, V.K.W. Koo. Her father was executed by the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II, and Frances was taken to safety in America aboard a troop ship. Frances graduated from the Abbot Academy in Andover, Massachusetts (1957), and then married (1961) Oscar L. Tang, a financial services president from Manhattan, New York, to whom she bore four children.
An active and involved woman, besides the management of a Chinese catering business, she also became the president of Vencura Ltd, in Manhattan, a company which was dedicated to the rehabilitation and preservation of historic buildings. Mrs Tang’s alma mater, the Abbot Academy, had eventually become merged with Skidmore College and Phillips Academy in Andover, and she herself became a member of the executive committee of the academy’s board of development. Prior to her death Frances Tang had been elected a trustee of the college. Frances Tang died of cancer (Jan 31, 1992) in Manhattan, having been long appreciated as supporter and patron of Phillips Academy, as well as having been a much valued patron of the Department of East Asian Studies at Duke University.

Tangney, Dame Dorothy Margaret – (1911 – 1985)
Australian politician
Tangney was born (March 13, 1911) in Claremont, Perth, Western Australia, and was educated firstly in a convent in Fremantle, and then at the University of Western Australia, having trained as a teacher. She remained unmarried. Dorothy Tangney became the first woman to be elected to the Commonwealth Senate in Australia, and served as a senator for Western Australia for twenty-five years (1943 – 1968). She was appointed DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1968), in recognition of her valuable contributions to politics. Dame Dorothy Tangney died (June 2, 1985) aged seventy-four.

Tangwystl – (c1179 – 1201)
Welsh concubine
Born Tangwystl ferch Llywarch, she was the daughter of Llywarch Goch, lord of Rhos. She became the first wife of Llewellyn II ap Iorwerth (1173 – 1240) Prince of North Wales, but her status as a legal wife has been questioned by historians, as has the legitimacy of her son.
Tangwystl died young, being the mother of Prince Gruffyd ap Llewellyn whose claims to the throne were supersed by those of his much younger half-brother, Prince Dafydd II. Her daughter Gwladys Ddu (the Black) was a famous beauty and was married to two successive marcher lords. She appears as a minor character in the historical novel Here Be Dragons (1986) by Sharon Penman.

Tani – (fl. c1580 BC)
Egyptian princess
Princess Tani was sister to King Apepi I of the XVth Dynasty (c1650 – c1535 BC), Her name, with the title of ‘King’s sister’ was preserved on door jambs uncovered from a religious shrine at Avaris, and now preserved in the Cairo museum, and in Berlin, Germany. Tani is also attested by an offerring stand uncovered at Medmud, also preserved in Berlin.

Tankerville, Camilla Colville, Countess of – (1698 – 1775)
British Hanoverian courtier
Camilla Colville was the daughter of Edward Colville, of Whitehouse, Durham, a common butcher and grazier, and his wife Sarah. Her future husband, Charles Bennet, second Earl of Tankerville (1697 – 1753) met her at a ball, and pursued her abroad into Holland and back to England, before she finally agreed to marry him secretly, at Jarrow Church, South Shields. Lady Tankerville was later appointed as lady-in-waiting to Queen Caroline, wife of George II (1727 – 1760).
After the queen’s death (1737) the countess served her daughter-in-law, Augusta, Princess of Wales, mother of George III, in the same capacity. She survived her husband over two decades (1753 – 1775) as Dowager Countess of Tankerville, and attended the coronation of George III and Queen Charlotte in London (Sept, 1761). Lady Tankerville died (Oct 8, 1775) aged seventy-seven.

Tanusia – (fl. 44 – 43 BC)
Roman Republican patrician
Tanusia was the wife of Titus Vinius. The historian Dio recorded that she hid her husband in a chest in the home of the freedman Philipoemen making out that he had been killed. Later, through her own intercession with Octavia, the sister of Octavius Caesar (Augustus), Tanusia was able to approach Octavius at the theatre, where she produced both the chest and her husband, after informing him of her deed. Octavian, much astonished by these revelations, released Tanusia and her husband, and enrolled Philipoemen among the ranks of the Roman knights.

Taplinger, Terry – (1943 – 1983)
American publishing executive
Born Cecily Lent (June 11, 1943) in New York, she succeeded her husband Richard Taplinger as president of the Taplinger Publishing Company (1973 – 1977) until she sold the business. She published the best-selling Linda Goodman’s Sun Signs. Terry Taplinger died (June 9, 1983) aged thirty-nine, having fallen seventeen floors to her death.

Tapputti – (fl. c1700 BC)
Babylonian chemist
Tapputti is attested by a surviving cuneiform inscription, which revealed that she was a perfumier at the royal palace and held the title ‘Belatekallin.’

Ta-pu-yen – (fl c1130 – 1150)
Mongol ruler
Ta-pu-yen was queen of the Kara-Khitai in eastern Turkestan, which had been founded by her husband, the pagan Mongol ruler Ye-lu Ta-shih (c1130 – 1142). With her husband’s death the queen ruled the Kara-Khitai empire as regent for their son Ye-lu Yi-li (died 1163) until her came of age (1150). She was the mother of Queen Ye-lu Shih (also called Pu-su-wan).

Taquea, Agnes – (1580 – 1622)
Korean Christian martyr
Agnes was the wife of Cosmo Taquea, a former prisoner living in Japan who had made himseld a prominent figure. Cosmo gave his wealth to be used by the Catholic missionaries in Nagasaki including the priests Angelo Orsucci and John of St Dominic. Cosmo was later arrested and condemned to death by the Japanese authorities when he refused to abjure Christianity. He was burnt at the stake (Nov 19, 1619). Agnes survived for a few years but eventually she and her son Francis, aged twelve were arrested. They both refused to denounce the faith and were condemned. Agnes was killed (Sept 10, 1622) with the elderly Lucy Freitas, and her son was killed the next day. Agnes, her husband and son were all commemorated as saints together with Lucy Freitas (Sept 10).

Tarabotti, Arcangela – (1604 – 1652)
Italian writer
Tarabotti was forced by economic circumstances and family demands to become a nun, a profession for which she herself felt no vocation. Arcangela bitterly resented the actions that had placed her and many other Venetian women in her position, behind convent walls for life. Her work, Tirannia Paterna was published under the peudonym of Galerana Baratotti in Leiden, Holland (1654) with the title La semplicitia ingannata. Her other work was the Inferno monacale. Arcangela used both works as vehicles to publicly condemn the familial practice of immuring young women in convents against their wishes.

Tarakanova, Elizabeth Alexievna, Princess – (1752 – 1775)
Russian Imperial claimant and adventuress
Princess Elizabeth Tarakanova was the daughter of the Tsarina Elizabeth Petrovna and her morganatic husband Count Alexei Razumovsky, and was raised quietly in St Petersburg.  As the marriage of her parents was officially a secret one, she had no legal claim to the Russian throne. Nevertheless Elizabeth laid claim to the important principality of Azov, calling herself first Countess Pimberg, and then Princess Tarakanova by which name she is best known.
Eventually she was captured by Alexei Orlov at Livorno by trickery, and taken into custody by agents of Tsarina Catharine II. She was placed in the fortress of St Peter and St Paul. The princess died there (Dec 15, 1775) of tuberculosis and neglect, her political threat thus neutralized. Princess Tarakanova was the subject of the highly romantic portrait by Konstantin Flavitsky (1864) which reflects the popular myth that she was drowned in her prison during a flood.

Taram-Uram – (fl. c2110 BC)
Babylonian queen
Taram-Uram was the daughter of the king of Mari, and was married to King Ur-Nammu of Babylon, who reigned (2113 – c2095 BC). The marriage was a dynastic alliance and her name is thought to mean ‘She loves Ur,’ though this translation has been disputed. She was probably mother to King Shulgi who ruled for five decades (c2095 – c2047 BC).

Taracta, Tarahatta    see   Attracta

Taranto, Princess of     see   Catherine II of Valois

Tarasia   see   Teresa of Castile

Tarbell, Ida Minerva – (1857 – 1944)
American journalist, biographer and author
Ida Tarbell was born in Erie County, Pennsylvania, and attended Allegheny College. She worked as a newspaper associate editor before travelling to Paris in France, where she studied at the Sorbonne (1891 – 1894). She remained unmarried. Tarbell is best remembered for her blistering expose of the way millionaire John D. Rockefeller pursued his empire building. Her book The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) made her famous as the first woman journalist of the new ‘muckraking era.’ She later ran the American magazine (1906 – 1915) and was a staunch supporter of women’s suffrage. Her other published works included The Business of Being a Woman (1912), The Nationalizing of Business (1936) and her autobiography All in the Day’s Work (1939).

Tarchaniota, Euphrosyne – (c1430 – before 1476)
Greek patrician
Euphrosyne Tarchaniota was the daughter of Michael Tarchaniotes, from the Peloponnese, who was later killed leading an army against the Turks (1463). She was the descendant of the lords of Tarchanium (Mt Arachneon) in the Peloponnese region, who later established their dynasty in Constantinople. Her brother Dimitri Tarchaniotes was the grandfather of the noted historian, Giovanni Tarchagnota. Euphrosyne became the wife of the Byzantine nobleman Manilius Marullus, and their son was the Latin soldier and poet Michael Marullus (1453 – 1500).
With the fall of Constantinople (1453), Euphrosyne fled with her husband and son, and her brother Paul Tarchaniota, to Ragus in Yugoslavia, from thence they all travelled by sea galley to Ancona. When that city was threatened by the Ottoman forces, Euphrosyne’s connections wit the Imperial Palaeologi family enabled them to remove to the safety of Italy (1463). Euphrosyne joined the Imperial court in exile, and was appointed as lady-in-waiting, to accompany Queen Elena of Serbia to Leucadia for the marriage of her daughter with Leonardo Tocco, Count of Kephallenia. Euphrosyne died sometime between 1471 and 1476. Her epitaph, written by her son, has survived, whilst his poem Byzantine Fortitude is said to have celebrated the maternal virtues exhibited by Euphrosyne, and admired by her son.

Tarente, Amelie de Hesse-Kassel, Princesse de (Emilie) – (1626 – 1693)
German-French beauty, salonnier and traveller
Princess Amelie of Hesse-Kassel was born (Feb 11, 1626) at Hersfeld, the third daughter of Wilhelm V (1602 – 1637), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and his wife Countess Amalia Elisabeth von Hanau-Munzenburg (1602 – 1651), the daughter of Count Philipp Ludwig II von Hanau-Munzenberg (1576 – 1612). She was married at Kassel (1648) to the French peer Henry Charles de La Tremoille (1620 – 1672), Prince de Tarente and de Talmont, and the marriage produced five children. When her husband later ordered her to convert to Roman Catholicism, Amelie fled from his roof to reside with relatives.
Through her mother the princess was a descendant of Wilhelm I the Silent, Prince of Orange, whilst through her eldest daughter Princesse Amelie was the ancestress of the famous Countess Charlotte Sophie von Bentinck (1715 – 1800). Amelie survived her husband for two decades (1672 – 1693) as the Dowager Princesse de Tarente, and she remained a prominent figure in the Paris salons and at the court of Versailles. She corresponded with her niece the Electress Sophia of Hanover. The Princesse de Tarente died (Feb 15, 1693) aged sixty-seven, at Frankfurt-am-Main. Her children were,

Tarente, Louise Emmanuelle de Chatillon, Princesse de – (1763 – 1814)
French courtier, émigré, and memoirist
Louise Emmanuelle de Chatillon was born (July 23, 1763) in Paris, the younger daughter of Louis, Duc de Chatillon. She was married (1781) to Charles Bretagne Marie Joseph de La Tremoille (died 1839), Prince de Tarente, to whom she bore a daughter. The princesse was appointed as lady-in-waiting (dame d’honneur) to Queen Marie Antoinette (1785), and remained with the royal family until the suspension of the monarchy (1792). Though she was imprisoned as a royalist in the Abbaye prison and refused to denounce the monarchy, the princesse survived Robespierre’s Terror (1794) and was released. She later immigrated to Russia (1797).
At St Petersburg Madame de Tarente was received with great hospitality at the Imperial court, where she remained until 1801 when she returned to reside at Wideville, near Paris with her mother, refusing to live under her husband’s roof. She maintained her connections with Madame Royale, the daughter of Louis XVI but with the fall of Napoleon I she returned to Russia. Already seriously ill the Princess de Tarente died (before July 14, 1814) aged fifty, in St Petersburg. Madame de Tarente left memoirs entitled Souvenirs de la princesse de Tarente, 1789 – 1792 (1901), which were published posthumously in Paris, and she was mentioned in the reminiscences of Countess Golovina.

Tarkiainen, Maria   see   Jotuni, Maria

Tarn, Pauline    see    Vivien, Renee

Tarnowska, Maria Nikolaievna O’Rourke, Countess – (1878 – 1923)
Russian society beauty and murderess
Countess Maria O’Rourke was born in st Petersburg, the daughter of Count O’Rourke, the descendant of an Irish adventurer, and a Russian aristocrat. She was educated in Kiev and grew into a woman of exceptionally beguiling beauty and charm. She eloped with Count Vladimir Tarnowska whom she married (1894), and to whom she bore two children. However the marriage did not last, when the count took a mistress, Maria herself entertained lovers, who made gifts of fabulous jewellery. When she seduced and then rejected her brother-in-law, Peter Tarnowska, and the young man committed suicide, whilst her next lover shot himself. Her liasion with a cavalry officer, Captain Alexei Bozevsky did not prove so easy to end, and the countess caused him to be shot by her husband, after she arranged for him to find them together. She conspired with the family physician to have her husband accused of murder, but the plan failed, and when the count was acquitted, he divorced Maria.
The countess then seduced her lawyer, Prilukoff, who deserted his own family, embezzled large amounts of money and then travelled with her to Europe. Her later much publicized sexual appetites and strange desires caused her to be labelled ‘the Russian Vampire.’ She influenced Count Kamarowsky to take out a large life insurance policy in her favour, and then arranged for her current lover, Dr Nicolas Naumoff to kill him at his villa in Venice. The countess, Naumoff, and Prilukoff were all arrested and forced to stand trial in Venice (1910). All three were convicted, and the countess was sentenced to eight years in the prison of Trani. However her health declined and she was released (1912), whereupon she eventually retired to Paris. She became addicted to cocaine, which eventually caused her death

Tarpeia – (d. c750 BC)
Roman traitor
Tarpeia betrayed her country by secretly admitting the Sabine leader Titus Tatius and his soldiers into the Capitol, in return for their gold arm ornaments. Because of her perfidy, Tatius ordered Tarpeia to be crushed to death beneath the weight of his men’s shields. The later historian, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC), changed the story and turned Tarpeia into a heroine, trying to attempt to disarm the Sabines.

Tarquinia – (fl. 579 – c570 BC)
Roman queen
Tarquinia was the daughter of King Tarquinius Priscus and his wife Tanaquil. She was married (c579 BC) to King Servius Tullius (c605 – 535 BC), her mother having arranged the match because she believed Servius was destined to follow her own husband on the throne. At her prompting her husband agreed to the marriage. Her daughter Tullia became the wife of King Tarquinius Superbus.

Tarsilla (Tharsilla) – (c505 – c570)
Gallo-Roman nun
Tarsilla was the sister of senator Gordianus (died c573), and was aunt to Pope Gregory I (c540 – 604). Tarsilla never married and lived as a nun with her two sisters Aemiliana and Gordiana, whom she predeceased. Tarsilla was mention in Pope Gregory’s Homiliae in Evangelia and his Dialogi de vita et miraculis patrum Italiorum.

Tarsitia of Scheldt – (c550 – c600)
Merovingian nun
Tarsitia was the daughter of Ansbert, Margrave of Scheldt and count of the Moselle region, and his wife Blithilde (Gerberga), the daughter of Clotaire I, King of Neustria. Through her mother Tarsitia was the great-granddaughter of Clovis I. She was the sister of Aigulf, Bishop of Metz, St Ferreolus, Bishop of Uzes, and Modericus who were all revered as saints. Her niece Doda of Scheldt became the wife of St Arnulf, Bishop of Metz (c580 – 640), and was thus the ancestress of the Arnulfing and Carolingian dynasties.
Tarsitia never married and lived as a nun in Brittany for some years before finally removing to a convent at Rodez in Aquitaine, where she died with a reputation for religious sanctity. The local bishop caused Tarsitia to be interred within the church at Rodez. Tarsitia was venerated as a saint (Jan 15), her feast being recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tascher de La Pagerie, Rose Claire des Verges de Sannois, Comtesse – (1736 – 1807)
Martiniquian aristocrat, mother-in-law of Emperor Napoleon
Rose Claire des Verges de Sannois was born (Nov 26, 1736) at Trois-Ilets, the daughter of Joseph Francois des Verges de Sannois (1706 – 1767), a wealthy planter, by his wife Marie Christine Francoise Browne (1708 – 1785), the daughter of Anthony Browne. She was married (1761) to Joseph Gaspard, Comte Tascher de La Pagerie (1735 – 1790). Madame Rose survived her husband as the Dowager Comtesse Tascher de La Pagerie (1790 – 1807).
The comtesse died (July 3, 1807) aged seventy, at Trois-Ilets. She had borne her husband three daughters of whom the eldest was Josephine, Vicomtesse de Beauharnais, who became the first wife of the French emperor Napoleon I. Her second daughter Catherine Desiree (1764 – 1767) died young whilst her youngest Marie Catherine Tascher de La Pagerie (1766 – 1791) was educated at St Cyr, near Paris but remained unmarried

Tascher de La Pagerie, Stephanie – (1788 – 1832)
French Creole aristocrat
Stephanie Tascher de La Pagerie was born at Fort Royal, Martinique, the daughter of Robert Margeurite de Tascher (1740 – 1806), Baron de La Pagerie, and his wife Jeanne Le Roux de Chapelle (1754 – 1822). Stephanie was cousin to the empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon I, and it was the emperor who arranged for her to marry (1808) in Paris, to Prosper Louis, Duc d’Arenberg (1785 – 1861) as his first wife. The marriage proved unsuccessful and ended in divorce several years afterwards (1816). She remarried (1819) to Guy Eugene Victor, Marquis de Chaumont-Cuitry (1787 – 1851). Stephanie Tascher de La Pagerie died (Oct 26, 1832) aged forty-four, in Paris.

Tasia of Lombardy – (fl. c730 – 749)
Italianb queen consort
Born in Rome, Tasia became the wife of Ratchis (c710 – after 757), the son of Duke Pemmo of Friuli and his wife Ratperga of Lombardy. One of the continuators of Paulus Diakonus named Tasia as the wife of Ratichis. She became queenb consort of Lombardy (744 – 749) when Ratchis was chosen to become King of the Lombards, after the deposition of King Hildebrand. Queen Tasia founded the the convent of Plumbariola. After the royal couple received Pope Zacaharias in Perugia, Ratchis abdicated the throne. Tasia and her children accompanied the former king to Rome where he was ordained as a priest. The queen and her daughter Ratrude both returned to Lombardy where they became nuns at Plumbariola. Ratrude was revered as St Epiphania of Pavia (Oct 6).

Tassinari, Pia – (1903 – 1995)
Italian soprano and mezzo-soprano
Tassinari was born (Sept 3, 1903) in Modigliana, Forli. She studied in Bologna and made her stage debut at Casala Monferrato (1929). She then sang at La Scala in Milan and then with the Rome Opera. Tassinari was best known for performances in such operas as La Boheme, Tosca, Aida, Manon Lescaut, and Falstaff, amongst many others in a considerable operatic repertoire.
With her marriage to the famous Italian tenor Ferruccio Tagliavini (1913 – 1995), a decade her junior, Pia performed with her husband and later sang mezzo-soprano roles. Pia Tassinari sang in the two films Torna, caro ideal ! (1939) and Al diavalo la celebrita (Fame and the Devil) (1949). Pia Tassinari died (May 15, 1995) aged ninety-two, in Faenza, near Ravenna, Lombardy.

Tassoni, Ippolita – (fl. c1530 – c1550)
Italian painter
Ippolita Tassoni became a nun at the convent of San Rocco, in Ferrara, and produced religious works such as Christ Carrying the Cross and an Entombment (1540).

Tata, Tate     see    Aethelburh

Tate, Doris Gwendolyn – (1924 – 1992) 
American activist
Doris Tate was born (Jan 16, 1924) in Houston, Texas. She became the wife of Paul Tate, to whom she bore three daughters. One of these daughters was the famous actress Sharon Tate was wife to the director Roman Polanski. After her daughter’s brutal murder at the hands of the Manson gang (1969), Mrs Tate became a public advocate for the rights of the victims of crime.
When one of her daughter’s murderers, Leslie Van Houten began campaigning to obtain parole (1982) Mrs Tate managed to intervene by organizing a petition which resulted in Van Houten’s parole being ultimately denied. Mrs Tate then joined the Los Angeles branch of the Parents of Murdered Children.
Her continued efforts resulted in the passing of the Victim’s Rights Bill (1982). She ran unsuccessfully for the California State Assembly as an advocate for victim’s rights (1984) and established COVER (Coalition of Victims’ Equal Rights). Just before her death Mrs Tate, then confined in a wheelchair, was honoured at a special ceremony for volunteer workers by President George H.W. Bush. Doris Tate died (July 10, 1992) aged sixty-eight, in Los Angeles, California. The Doris Tate Crime Victims Research Bureau in San Rafael was established posthumously and named in her honour.

Tate, Phyllis Margaret – (1911 – 1987)
British composer
Phyllis Tate was born (April 6, 1911) and studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London under Henry Farjeon. She produced several light pieced and a one-act opera, but was best known for her Concerto (1944) for alto saxophone and strings, which had been commissioned by the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). Her Sonata (1947) for clarinet and cello was included in the 1952 Festival organized by the International Society for Contemporary Music. She also composed the opera The Lodger (1960), which was based on the story of the infamous Jack the Ripper, and the choral work St Martha and the Dragon (1976). Phyllis Tate died (May 29, 1987) aged seventy-six.

Tate, Sharon – (1943 – 1969)
American film actress
Sharon Tate was born (Jan 24, 1943) in Dallas, Texas. Miss Tate became a leading lady of such films as Eye of the Devil (1967), The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967), Valley of the Dolls (1967) and Wrecking Crew (1969). She became the wife of the famous director Roman Polanski (born 1933), and was expecting a child.
Miss Tate and her unborn child were amongst the victims of a sensational murder spree organized by Charles Manson and his crazed followers (Aug 9, 1969) at their home in Beverly Hills, Miss Tate being callously murdered by Susan Atkins. She was twenty-six years old. Her mother, Doris Tate, founded the victims Research Bureau and the Coalition of Victims’ Equal Rights to assist the grieving relatives of those killed in violent crimes.

Tatia of Sirmium – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Tatia was a native of Sirmium in Pannonia. She was arrested during the persecutions initiated by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. She refused to sacrifice to the pagan gods and was killed. Tatia was venerated as a saint, her feast (Jan 8) recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tatiana (Tacienne) – (d. c222 AD)
Roman Christian martyr
Tatiana was from an important family and became a Christian deaconess. She was persecuted for her adherence to Christianity during the reign of Emperor Alexander Severus (222 – 235 AD), undergoing a variety of tortures before being finally beheaded. Tatiana was venerated as a saint (Jan 12), her feast being recorded in the Roman Martyrology and the Acta Sanctorum.

Tatiana Nikolaievna – (1897 – 1918)
Russian Romanov grand duchess
Grand Duchess Tatiana was born (June 14, 1897) at the Peterhof Palace, the second daughter of Tsar Nicholas II (1894 – 1917) and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix), the daughter of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the granddaughter of Queen Victoria.The tallest and most elegant of the four daughters of the Tsar, Tatiana was her mother’s closest companion. She learned to play the piano with considerable skill, and was the organizer of the family, her siblings giving her the nickname of ‘the Governess.’
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaieva witnessed the assassination of the Prime Minister, Peter Stolypin at the Kiev Opera House (1911). During the war Tatiana worked as a nurse with the empress in the military hospitals. With the outbreak of the Revolution (1917) she was confined to the Imperial palace in St Petersburg with her family, and then accompanied them to Tobolsk in Siberia. Tatiana then accompanied them to the small town of Ekaterinburg where she was murdered with her parents (July 16, 1918) at Tobolsk in Siberia, aged twenty-one.

Tatiana Konstantinovna – (1890 – 1979)
Romanov princess and abbess
Grand Duchess Tatiana was born (Jan 23, 1890) in St Petersburg, the eldest daughter of Grand Konstantine Konstantinovitch (1858 – 1915), and his wife Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg (1865 – 1927), the daughter of Ernst I (1823 – 1908), Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. She was cousin to the children of Tsar Nicholas II and Alexandra Feodorovna and received the title of HH Princess Tatiana of Russia. Princess Tatiana was married firstly at Pavlovsk (1911) to the Georgian prince, Konstantine Alexandrovich Bagration-Moukhransky (1889 – June 1, 1915) who was murdered by revolutionaries near Yaroslavl during WW I. She managed to flee Russia with her children and survived the horrors of the Revolution (1917).
Tatiana went to live in Switzerland, where she was remarried in Geneva (1921) to Prince Alexander Vasilievitch Korotchenzov, who died at Lausanne four months afterwards. (Feb 6, 1922). She had borne her first husband two daughters, Princess Taymuraz Konstantinovna  Bagration-Moukhranskaia (born 1912) who was married twice but died childless, and Princess Natalia Konstantinovna Bagration-Moukrankskaia (1914 – 1984) who was married to Sir Charles Hepburn Johnston (born 1912) and died childless. Tatiana later went to reside in Jersualem, where she became an Orthodox nun. She was eventually appointed abbess of the convent of the Mount of Olives in Jersualem, Palestine as Mother Tamara. Princess Tatiana died (Aug 28, 1979) aged eighty-nine, in Jerusalem.

Taube, Hedvig Ulrika – (1714 – 1744)
Swedish courtier
Taube was the daughter of Admiral Count Eduard Dietrich Taube and his wife Christina Maria Fakkenberg. Her family fell on hard times because of gambling debts, and Hedvig was taken to court to become lady-in-waiting to Queen Ulrika Eleanora in the hope of rescuing her family from ruin. Hedvig was persuaded to become the mistress (1730) of King Fredrik I (1720 – 1751), despite her own repugnance for the role of mistress.
Though she neither had, nor wished to have any political role at court, and told foreign ambassadors this herself when they made enquiries of her at court, Hedvig Taube was the first official maitresse en titre at the court of Sweden. The Holy Roman emperor Charles VI created her Baroness von Hessenstein (1735) and the countess (1743), whilst her children bore their mother’s rank and titles. Their long attachment caused great distress to the queen Ulrika Eleanora. Hedvig Taube died (Feb 22, 1744) aged only twenty-nine, having borne King Fredrik four children,

Tauber-Arp, Sophie – (1889 – 1943)
Swiss painter and decorative artist
Sophie tauber-Arp was born (Jan 19, 1889) in Davos and studied art in Munich, Bavaria, and in Hamburg. She taught weaving and embroidery in Zurich (1916 – 1929) and was a member of the group of Dadaists. She co-authored Dessin et arts textils (1927) with Blanche Gauchat and then removed to reside in Paris, where she produced paintings and wood reliefs. During WW II she resided with Sonia Delaunay at Grasse. Sophie Tauber-Arp died (Jan 12, 1943) in Zurich.

Taurilla, Claudia – (fl. c220 – c250 AD)
Roman patrician
A member of the ancient and noble Claudian gens, Taurilla was the wife of Quintus Marcius Victoris and the mother of Quintus Marcius Faustinianus, the quaestor of Cyprus and Imperial legate in Africa. She was the grandmother of an attatested Marcia Favonilla. Taurilla is attested by a surviving inscription from Praeneste which styles her clarissima femina.

Tausert    see   Tawosret

Taussig, Helen Brooke – (1898 – 1986)
American paediatrician and cardiac surgeon for children
Helen Taussig was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts and studied at Radcliffe College and then at John Hopkins University where she was employed as professor. Helen worked closely with the noted cardiac surgeon Alfred Blalock (1899 – 1954) to pioneer cardiac surgery for children, establishing the ‘blue baby’ operations. Taussing cared for many post-operative patients and one of the first physicians to draw public attention to the dangers of the use of the tranquillizer thalidomide. Helen Taussig published Congenital Malformations of the Heart (1960 – 1961).

Tavannes, Catherine Daguesseau, Comtesse de – (1663 – 1729)
French heiress and estate manager
Catherine Daguesseau was the daughter of Henri Daguesseau and was sister to Henri Francois d’Aguesseau, Chancellor of France in 1717. She was married (1683) to Lieutenant-General Charles Marie de Saulx, Comte de Tavannes (1649 – 1703). Madame de Tavannes inherited the seigneuries of Lux and Tilchatel and during her lengthy widowhood (1703 – 1729) she managed the family estates with considerable skill and success, in the name of her son. The comtesse was the mother of Lieutenant-General Henri Charles de Saulx, Comte de Tavannes (1686 – 1761) and of Charles Nicolas de Saulx (1690 – 1759), archbishop of Rouen, Cardinal, and Grand Almoner of France.

Tavistock, Lady Louisa     see   Bedford, Louisa Whitwell, Duchess of

Tavora, Leonora de – (1700 – 1759) 
Portugese conspirator
Leonora was the wife of Francesco de Assiz, Marquis of Tavora, and was a leader of Portugese society. In 1758 she was involved in a plot against King Joseph I, together with her husband and sons.  When her son Luis Bernando went to India, her daughter-in-law became the king’s mistress. The marquesa was grossly scandalized, and a little while later (Sept 3, 1758) three masked men fired into the king’s carriage though he escaped unharmed.
Three months later the marquis de Pombal ordered the arrest of Leonora and her husband, together with their son Luis Bernando and a priest Gabriel Malaguela. Under torture the servants compromised the entire family, and all persons involved were indicted as guilty (Jan 12, 1759). The next day she was beheaded in the public square in Belem. A woman of singular courage and dignity, she calmly accepted her fate, and when the executioner bent to tie her feet, she repelled him saying ‘Do not touch me, except to kill me.’

Tavora, Teresa de – (1723 – 1794)
Portugese courtier and beauty
Teresa was born into the powerful Tavora family, and was married (1742) to her kinsman, Luis Bernardo, Marques de Tavora. During her husband’s absence abroad she became the mistress of King Joseph I, but this relationship was considered shameful to her family, and this resentment eventually involved several of them in an abortive attempt on the king’s life (1759), followed their subsequent executions.

Tawannannas – (fl. c1660 BC)
Hittite queen
Tawannannas was the wife of King Labarnas I (died c1650 BC). Her personal name later evolved into the title accorded to later queen mothers, who retained precedence at the Hittite court after the deaths of their husbands, their daughters’-in-law being recognized only as ‘the king’s wife.’ Queen Tawannannas was perhaps the mother of Labarnas’ son and successor, King Labarnas II (c1650 – c1620 BC), who was also known as Hattusilis I.

Tawerettenu – (fl. c1100 BC)
Egyptian queen consort
A member of the XXth Dynasty (1185 – 1069 BC) Tawerettenu was one of the two attested wives of King Ramesses V Amenhirkopshef I, and was mentioned in the land inventory known as the Papyrus Wilbour in which she is styled ‘King’s Wife.’ No children are recorded for her.

Tawosret (Tausert, Twosret) – (c1240 – c1187 BC)
Queen of Egypt
Tawosret was the second wife of King Seti II (c1250 – 1194 BC), and was probably the mother of his eldest son, Seti-Merneptah, who was styled heir-apparent, but predeceased his father. Some of her jewellery which was recovered at Biban el-Moluk revealed that she was Seti’s principal wife, and bore the title of ‘King’s Great Wife.’ With her husband’s death, her stepson Merneptah-Siptah was proclaimed king, under the joint rule of Queen Tawosret and the powerful chancellor, Biya (Bai), formerly a courtier.
With the death of the young pharoah (c1189 BC), Tawosret took the throne with full titles as female pharoah, becoming only the fourth woman in a thousand years of Egyptian history to do so. She arranged for her own burial in the Valley of the Kings, an honour previously accorded only to Queen Hatshepsut. Tawosret’s death ended the direct line of Ramesses II.

Taxis, Alexandrine de Rye de Varax, Countess von – (1589 – 1666)
German noblewoman and estate administrator
Alexandrine de Rye was born (Aug 1, 1589) and became the wife of Count Leonhard II von taxis (1594 – 1628) to whom she bore three children. The countess survived her husband almost four decades and was responsible for education of her infant son and for the accumulation of lands and wealth that established the noble princely family of Thurn und Taxis, which was due mainly to her brilliant business acumen. Countess Alexandrine died (Dec 26, 1666) aged seventy-seven. Her son and heir was Count Claude Lamoral von Thurn und Taxis (1627 – 1676) who left descendants, and Genevieve Anna von Thurn und Taxis (1618 – 1663) who became the wife of Sigismondo Sfondrati (died 1652), Marquis de Montafie.

Tay, Alice Erh-Soon – (1934 – 2004)
Chinese-Australian academic lawyer, scholar and lecturer
Alice Erh-Soon was born (Feb 2, 1934) in Singapore. Particularly known for her acerbic wit and intensity, Alice Tay became a lecturer at the University of Sydney and served as president of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1998 – 2003). Alice Tay died (April 26, 2004) aged seventy, in Sydney, New South Wales.

Taylor, Alma – (1895 – 1974)
British silent and sound film actress
Alma Taylor was born (Jan 3, 1895) in London, and became a child star in such films as His Daughter's Voice (1906) and The Little Flower Girl (1908). Her other silent movie credits included Oliver Twist (1912), Annie Laurie (1916) and Comin ‘thro’ the Rye (1923). Her later appearances included roles in such sound films as Lilacs in the Spring (1954) and Blue Murder at St Trinians (1957).

Taylor, Angela – (1914 – 1997)
American fashion writer
Angela was born in Palermo in Sicily and immigrated to the USA with her parents as a child. She was married twice and retained the surname of her first husband William Taylor. Angela Taylor was employed as a fashion writer for various famous magazines such as Harper’s Bazaar and Mademoiselle before working for two decades (1963 – 1984) as a beauty and fashion writer for the Style department of The New York Times. Angela Taylor died (Jan 8, 1997) aged eighty-two at Riverhead, Long Island in New York.

Taylor, Anne Froelick see Froelick, Anne

Taylor, Annie Royle – (1855 – 1920) 
British traveller, missionary and writer
Taylor was born in Egremont, Cheshire and had minimal schooling due to constant ill-health. Despite this she trained as a missionary with the China Inland Mission, and worked amongst Tibetan immigrants in China and India before she was finally able to travel into Tibet itself, disguised as a pilgrim, and with her male servant as a companion (1892). The thirteen hundred mile journey took seven months to complete, but she was betrayed by her guide three days before she would have reached the capital. Nevertheless she was the first European woman to enter Tibet, and she established the Tibetan Pioneer Mission at Yatung. She then worked as a nurse (1904) and retired in 1908, after which she returned to England. Taylor was the author of Diary of William Carey’s Travel and Adventure in Tibet (1902).

Taylor, Charity – (1914 – 1998)
British civil servant and social reformer
Mary Dorothy Charity Clifford was born (Sept 16, 1914), and became the wife (1939) of Stephen Taylor. Her husband was later made a life peer as Baron Taylor (1958) by Queen Elizabeth II. Lady Taylor served as the assistant director of prisons (1959 – 1966). Lady Taylor died (Jan 4, 1998) aged eighty-three.

Taylor, Doris – (1909 – 1968)
Australian civic leader and campaigner for the disabled
Doris Taylor was born in Adelaide, South Australia. She was confined to a wheelchair at the age of seven after an accident which injured her spine. She received an excellent education and became a talented pianist, as well becoming active in Labour politics. Taylor was a friend to Arthur Caldwell and Ben Chifley and acted as election manager for Don Dunstan who became the premier of South Australia. She established Meals on Wheels in Adelaide to provide meals for the elderly at home (1954) and the organization quickly developed almost one hundred branches throughout the state. Taylor was appointed MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1959) in recognition of her valuable public service.

Taylor, Elizabeth – (1912 – 1975) 
British novelist and short story writer
Born Elizabeth Coles at Reading, Berkshire, she was the daughter of an insurance official. She was employed as a governess and a librarian prior to her marriage (1936) with a factory director, John Taylor. Elizabeth Taylor’s first novel was At Mrs Lippincote’s (1945), written during her husband’s absence in WW II. This success was followed by Palladian (1946), Angel (1957) and Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (1971) amongst others. Her last work Blaming (1976) was published posthumously.

Taylor, Estelle – (1899 – 1958)
American stage and film actress
Born Estelle Boylan, her silent films credits included The Ten Commandments (1923) and The Whip Woman (1927). She later made appearances in sound films such as The Southerner (1945).

Taylor, Eva Germaine Rimington – (1879 – 1966) 
British photographer, geographer and science historian
Eva Taylor was born at Highgate in London, the daughter of a solicitor. She was educated at the Royal Holloway College and studied chemistry at London University. Miss Taylor was employed as a schoolteacher prior to being appointed as private assistant to the head of the geography department at Oxford University (1908 – 1910). She later removed to Bikbeck College in London, where she served as a lecturer and then professor of geography (1930 – 1944).
Eva Taylor was later appointed as emeritus professor of Geography at the University of London (1944) and was the Victoria Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society (1947). Apart from articles which were published in the Geographical Journal and the Journal of the Institute of Navigation, her published works included Tudor Geography (1930), Late Tudor and Early Stuart Geography (1934) and The Mathematical Practitioners of Hanoverian England (1966). Eva Taylor died (July 5, 1966) at Bracknell, Berkshire.

Taylor, Florence Mary – (1879 – 1969)
Australian architect, engineer and published
Florence Parsons was born (Dec 29, 18790 at Bedminster, near Bristol, in Somerset, England. She came to Australia as a small child with her family and settled in Sydney in New South Wales. Florence decided upon a career as an architect and studied at night at the Sydney Technical College under Edmund Skelton Garton, being his only female student. Despite this success however she was refused membership of the Institute of Architects in NSW until 1920. She was married to the noted artist and journalist George Augustine Taylor (1872 – 1928).
Together with her husband Florence established the Building Publishing Company (1907) which published such manuals as Australasian Engineer and Building in which Mrs Taylor was able to display her architectural talents. She is best remembered for designing the Mortuary building near Central Station in Sydney. She was appointed CBE (Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1961) in recognition of her achievements. Florence Taylor died (Feb 13, 1969) aged eighty-nine.

Taylor, Frances – (1890 – 1933)
Australian journalist and publisher
Irene Frances Taylor was born (Dec 17, 1890) in Melbourne, Victoria. She attended the Presbyterian Ladies’ College and then worked as a magazine editor in Mildura. Miss Taylor established the Woman’s World monthly magazine (1921 – 1957) which quickly became popular with Australian women and also spoke on radio programs. She remained unmarried and died of cancer (Dec 26, 1933) aged forty-three.

Taylor, Harriet – (1807 – 1858)
British feminist and philosopher
Born Harriet Hardy (Oct 8, 1807) at Walworth, near London, she was the daughter of a surgeon. She was married firstly (1826) to John Taylor, by whom she was the mother of the suffrage campaigner Helen Taylor (1831 – 1907). However, Harriet Taylor was involved in a lengthy liasion with the philosopher John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873). They were only able to marry at Melcombe Regis (1851) after the death of her husband.
Taylor firmly rejected all the misogynistic traditions which insisted that women remain subordinate to men, and believed that education, laws, and politics should be utilized to improve the position of women and wrote her, Essays on Sex Equality. Ultimately she claimed full legal and political citizenship for British women (1851). Her second husband fully supported her views, and she collaborated with Mill on his, The Subjection of Women (1869). Harriet Taylor retired with her husband to the south of France. Harriet Taylor died (Nov 3, 1858) at Avignon, in Provence.

Taylor, Harriet Rosen – (1931 – 1997)
American lawyer and judge
Taylor was born in the Bronx, New York, and studied at the Brooklyn College and then the Columbia Law School. She specialized in family and labour law and worked in washongton and New York before being appointed as the first administrative law judge with the Office of Consumer Protection (1976). Taylor then became a judge of the Columbia Superior Court, Washington, for two terms (1979 – 1997).
During her time in office Judge Taylor ordere sweeping changes to improve the services provided for the homeless (1982), and received praise from fathers’rights groups when she awarded custody to the father in a child custody dispute, and ordered the mother to pay child support (1994). Her decision had been based solely on which parent was more able to organize home and work obligations which would be best for the child. Her ruling was upheld after an appeal lodged by the mother failed. Judge Harriet Rosen Taylor died (Aug 18, 1997) aged sixty-five, in Washington.

Taylor, Helen – (1831 – 1907)
British women’s rights campaigner and educational reformer
Taylor was the daughter of John Taylor and his wife Harriet Hardy Taylor. Her stepfather was the philosopher John Stuart Mill. She trained as a stage actress under Fanny Stirling, but abandoned this career with the death of her mother (1858) in order to act as housekeeper for her stepfather. With the death of Mills Helen entered politics and became a radical member of the London School Board (1876 – 1884). Helen Taylor founded the Democratic Federation (1881) and campaigned strongly for the cause of female suffrage. She was advocate for the nationalization of land but failed in her attempt to enter parliament (1885). Taylor travelled to France and resided at Avignon, in Provence where she resided until 1904 when she finally returned to England. Helen Taylor died at Torquay in Devon.

Taylor, John    see   Talbot, Mary Anne

Taylor, Laurette – (1884 – 1946)
American stage and film actress
Born Laurette Cooney, her silent movie credits included Peg O’My Heart (1922) and One Night in Rome (1924).

Taylor, Lily Ross – (1886 – 1969)
American classical scholar and author
Taylor was born (Aug 12, 1886) in Auburn, Alabama, the daughter of a railway engineer. She was educated in Glasgow, Missouri and then attended the University of Wisconsin and Bryn Mawr College. Taylor taught Latin at Vassar College (1912 – 1927) and became the first woman fellow of the American Academy in Rome (1917). She then served as professor of Latin at Bryn Mawr and was eventually appointed dean of the graduate school there (1942). She was an associate editor of the, Classical Philology periodical and became the first woman to be appointed the Sather Professor of Classics at the University of California (1947).
After her retirement she served as professor in charge of the Classical School at the American Academy in Rome (1952 – 1955). Lily Taylor received the Award of Merit of the American Philological Association (1962) and the Culturi di Roma gold medal from the city of Rome (1962). Her published works included The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (1931), Party Politics in the Age of Caesar (1949) and Roman Voting Assemblies (1966). Lily Taylor died (Nov 18, 1969) in a car accident, aged eighty-three.

Taylor, Lucy Hobbs    see    Hobbs, Lucy

Taylor, Margaret Sophia – (1877 – 1962)
British churchwoman and civic leader
Margaret Dillon was born (April 16, 1877) the daughter of Hon. Conrad Dillon and granddaughter to Sir Henry Dashwood, baronet. She was educated at St Winifred’s School in Eastbourne, and was married (1907) to a clergyman, Charles Taylor, the master of St John’s College at Cambridge. His death the following year left her a childless widow. Margaret Taylor was the official representative of Southwark on the Church Assembly for two decades (1925 – 1945), and served as head of the board of the Talbot Settlement (1918 – 1926). Prior to her death her work was publicly recognized when she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Commonwealth Society (1959). Margaret Taylor died (Feb, 1962) aged eighty-four, at Madehurst, near Arundel, Sussex.

Taylor, Margerie Venables – (1881 – 1963)
British editor
Taylor was born (Jan 20, 1881) the daughter of Henry Taylor of Curzon Park in Chester, and his wife Agnes Venables. She was educated in Chester and later attended Somerville College at Oxford. She later became the editor of the Journal of Roman Studies for four decades (1923 – 1963) and was the first woman to be appointed as the vice-president of Somerville (1944 – 1948). She produced articles on Roman Britain which were published in The Victoria County Histories and other archaeological journals. Taylor was a member of the society of antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1947). Margerie Taylor died (Dec 24, 1963) aged eighty-two, in Oxford.

Taylor, Marie Hansen – (1829 – 1925)
American author, memoirist and translator
Marie Hansen was born at Gotha, in Thuringia, Germany, and became the wife of the diplomat and traveller, Bayard Taylor (1825 – 1878), who served as American minister to Germany (1878). With the death of her husband, Marie devoted herself to the preservation of his literary posterity. She edited his poetry and plays, which were published in two volumes as Bayard Taylor’s Poetical Works (1880) and Bayard Taylor’s Dramatic Works (1880).
With Horace E. Scudder (1838 – 1902), Marie produced the Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor (1884), also in two volumes. She spent much time and care in translating her husband’s works into German. Marie Taylor survived Bayard nearly fifty years and produced Letters to a Young Housekeeper (1892) and her own memoirs Memories of Half a Century (1905). Marie Hansen Taylor died aged ninety-five.

Taylor, Mary – (1817 – 1893)
Anglo-New Zealand feminist, music teacher and author
Mary was born (Feb 26, 1817) at Birstall in Yorkshire. She travelled out to live in New Zealand for some years, and was there involved with the campaign for women’s suffrage. Mary Taylor later returned to live in England and died (March 1, 1893) aged seventy-six, at Gomersal in Yorkshire.

Taylor, Pauline – (fl. c1860 – 1869)
British artist and water colour painter
Pauline Taylor specialized in still-life pieces, and her work was exhibited at the Royal Academy (1868 – 1869).

Taylor, Phoebe Atwood – (1909 – 1976)
American mystery fiction writer
Phoebe Taylot attended Barnard College and published her first story in 1931 which introduced the detective sleuth Asey Mayo in a series of popular novels which were set in and around Cape Cod. Taylor used the pseudonym ‘Alice Tilton’ for the novels which centred round Leonidas Witherall, another mystery sleuth. Her Cape Cod novels included such works as The Cape Cod Mystery, The Asey Mayo Trio and The Diplomatic Corpse. Phoebe Atwood Taylor was married to a surgeon and died (Jan 9, 1976) aged sixty-six, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Taylor, Susannah Cook – (1755 – 1823)
British letter writer
Susannah Taylor was the mother of the noted salon hostess Sarah Taylor Austin, and was the grandmother of the author Lucie Austin, Lady Duff-Gordon. Her correspondence with her daughter and granddaughter, together with her daughter Sarah’s private diary for the years (1841 – 1843) were later edited and published in Three Generations of English Women, Memoirs and Correspondence of Susannah Taylor, Sarah Austin, and Lady Duff Gordon (1892).

Taylor, Susie King – (1848 – 1912)
Black American slave and nurse
Taylor was born into a slave family in Georgia. During the Civil War she volunteered with a South Carolina unit. Her capability impressed Clara Barton, though she never received official recognition of her valuable work.

Taylor, Zola – (1938 – 2007)
Black American popukar vocalist
Zola was born (March 17, 1938). She was the only female performer of the group ‘The Platters’ (1954 – 1964). She was portrayed by actress Halle Berry in the film Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998). Zola Taylor died (April 30, 2007) aged sixty-nine, at Los Angeles in California.

Taymour, Aisha     see    Al-Taymuriyya, ‘Aisha Esmat

Taytu Betul – (1853 – 1918)
Ethiopian empress consort (1889 – 1913)
Born Walatto Mikael at Gondar, she was the daughter of Dejazmatch Betel Haile Maryam, of the Siemen dynasty, and his wife Woizero Yubdar. She was married firstly to Wolde Gabriel, secondly to Dejazmatch Takla Giyorgis, and thirdly to Zekagatchew. The Emperor Menelik II (1844 – 1913) became her fourth husband (and she his third wife) at Ankober (1883) when she assumed the name of Taitu. A woman of great strength and ambition, she was an unpopular as her husband was revered, and she remained a highly influential figure in Ethiopian politics for many years, and aided Menelik considerably with his schemes for the modernization of Ethiopia. She was crowned with her husband at Entotto (1889). Her desire to obtain places and preferments for her family members rendered the empress unpopular, as did her scheming to organize the succession.
As Menelik’s health deteriorated, the empress intrigued to gain the throne for her stepdaughter Zauditu, who was married to one of Taytu’s nephews, though the emperor wished to be succeeded by his grandson Lij Tyasu. The nobility were unhappy with either candidate, but could produce none of their own. Eventually, the regent Ras Tessemma caused the empress Taytu to be ousted from power. She was placed under house arrest with orders to nurse her paralyzed husband (1909). Empress Taytu survived Menelik as empress dowager (1913 – 1918)  though she remained firmly excluded from political life until her death (Feb 11, 1918) aged sixty-four, which took place at Entotto. She was interred with her husband in her mausoleum in Addis Ababa.

Tazewell, Evelyn Ruth – (1893 – 1983)
Australian sportswoman and hockey player
Tazewell was born (Aug 19, 1893) in Hobart, Tasmania. Her impressive career spanned four decades during which time, apart from being the most famous and talented female hockey player of her time, she worked as a coach and an umpire. Evelyn Tazewell was elected president of the All-Australian Women’s Hockey Association (1920) and later assisted with the establishment of the Women’s Memorial Playing Fields in St Mary’s, Adelaide, South Australia. She twice served as delegate to the International Federation of Women’s Hockey Associations (1953) and (1959). Evelyn Tazewell died (Dec 29, 1983) aged ninety, in South Australia. She was posthumously inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame (1985).

Tead, Clara – (1891 – 1980)
American educator
Born Clara Armstrong in Newton, Massachusetts, she attended Smith College. She trained as a teacher and during WW I she served in the office of the chief of ordnance in the War Department. Clara was married to the noted editor and author Ordway Tead. Clara Tead was appointed as dean of the Katharine Gibbs School and then of the Finch Junior College before ultimately serving as president of Briarcliffe College (1942 – 1960) in Westchester County. Briarcliffe College awarded Tead an honorary doctorate of Humane Letters (1947) and she served as executive secretary of the Consumers’ League of New York. Clara Tead died (March 2, 1980) aged eighty-eight, in Washington.

Teale, Nellie Imogene – (1901 – 1993)
American naturalist
Nellie Imogene Donovan was born in Colorado Springs and attended Earlham College. She was married (1923) to the writer Edwin Way Teale, who recived the Pulitzer Prize for his work Wandering Through Winter (1965). She bore her husband an only son who was killed on active service in Germany during WW II (1945). She and her husband resided at Baldwin on Long Island until 1959 when they removed to Hampton in Connecticut. There they established nature trails and sanctuaries at Trail Wood wich they later bequeathed to the Connecticut Audubon Society (1979). Nellie Teale died (July 18, 1993) aged ninety-two, at Windham in Connecticut

Teasdale, Sara – (1884 – 1933)
American lyric poet and academic
Teasdale was born in St Louis, Missouri, where she was educated at a local college. She wrote classical verse in a conventional style, producing nine collections of poetic verse. Sara Teasdale was best known for her collection entitled Love Songs (1917) for which she became the first person to be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry (1918).

Teasdale, Verree – (1904 – 1987)
American stage and film actress
Teasdale was born (March 15, 1904) in Spokane, Washington. She specialized in playing great ladies such as the empress in Roman Scandals (1933) and the Duchesse de Granmont in Madame Du Barry (1934), but was also noted for her particular comic talents. Her other film credits included Syncopation (1929) and Love Thy Neighbour (1940). Verree Teasdale died (Feb 17, 1987) aged eighty-two, in Culver City, California.

Teath – (fl. c490 AD)
Welsh virgin saint
Sometimes called Tetha this lady is probably to be identified with Tedde, a daughter of Brychan, King of Brecknock and his wife Ribrawst, who was revered as a saint in Wales, though the date of her commemoration is now lost. Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould thought her to be identical with St Ita (died 569), but this remains incertain.

Tebaldi, Renata – (1922 – 2004)
Italian soprano
Renata Tebaldi was born (Feb 1, 1922) in Pesaro and trained at the Parma Conservatory. She made her stage debut as Elena in Arrigo Boito’s Mefistofele at Rovigo (1944), and appeared at the postwar re-opening at La Scala Opera House in Milan (1946), at the invitation of the famous conductor Arturo Toscanini (1867 – 1957). Tebaldi performed world wide, visiting Britain, Europe, and South America with outstandings success. Her best known roles were that of Violetta in Giuseppe Verdi’s La Traviata and the title role in Giacomo Puccini’s Tosca. She rivalled the voice and fame of Maria Callas. Renata Tebaldi died (Dec 19, 2004) aged eighty-two, in San Marino.

Techild    see   Theudichilde

Teck, Claudine Henriette Marie Agnes von – (1836 – 1894)
German princess
Born Countess Claudine von Hohenstein (Feb 11, 1836), she was the eldest child of Duke Alexander of Wurttemburg, and his morganatic wife, Claudine von Rhedey, Countess von Hohenstein. Claudine von Hohenstein was created Princess of Teck in Wurttemburg, with the qualification of ‘Serene Highness’ (1863). She remained unmarried and ever devoted to her sister, and resided in the household of her sister Amelie and her husband Count Hugel at Castle Rheinthal near Graz, in Austria for three decades (1863 – 1893).
Her niece was Mary of Teck, the wife of George V, King of England (1910 – 1936), and some of their correspondence survives. Her portrait was painted (1869 – 1870) by the British artist Sidney Hodges during her only visit to England, when she was received by Queen Victoria. Princess Claudine died (Nov 18, 1894) aged fifty-eight, of diptheria, at Rheinthal Castle, near Graz. She was interred within the cemetery of St Peter in Graz, within the vault beneath of the black marble von Hugel monument.

Teck, Margaret Grosvenor, Duchess of    see   Cambridge, Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor, Marchioness of

Tecklenburg, Anna von – (1532 – 1585)
German countess and ruler
Countess Anna was the daughter of Count Konrad von Tecklenburg and his wife Matilda of Hesse, and was the heiress of the important counties of Tecklenburg and Rheda. She became the wife of Count Everwein III von Bentheim-Steinfurt (1536 – 1562) and was the mother of his son and successor Count Arnold III (1554 – 1606). With Everwein’s death Anna ruled the small county of Steinfurt for her under age son.

Teclacia (Theclaia) – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Teclacia was a native of Tarsus in Cilicia, Asia Minor. She refused to make public sacrifice to the pagan gods during the persecutions organized by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia, and was put to death. Teclacia was venerated as a saint (May 10) her feast recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tedde   see   Teath

Tedenekialech – (c1827 – c1875)
Ethiopian queen
Tedenekialech was the second wife of Haile Malakot (c1825 – 1855), King of Shoa and was his queen consort (1847 – 1855). Her marriage remained childless, and as queen dowager she made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in Palestine, where she died.

Teerlinc, Levina – (1515 – 1576)
Flemish painter, illuminator and portrait miniaturist
Levina Teerlinc was born at Bruges in Flanders. She served at court as painter to three Tudor monarchs, Edward VI (1547 – 1553), Mary I (1553 – 1558) and to Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603), whom she also served as lady-in-waiting from 1563. Her career as a painter was certainly impressive and her annual income at once stage was said to exceed that of both the Flemish master Hans Holbein and the English miniaturist Nicholas Hilliard. No works survive that can be attributed to Teerlinc with any real certainty, though a portrait of Lady Catherine Grey, cousin to Queen Elizabeth, preserved in the Victoria & Albert Museum in London is thought by some to be her work. Madame Teerlinc died (June 23, 1576) at Stepney, near London.

Teffi – (1872 – 1952)
Russian poet, dramatist and humourist writer
Born Nadezhda Alexandrovna Bucninskaia, she was sister to the poet Mirra Alexandrovna Lokhvitskaia (1869 – 1905). Her first poem was published in 1902, and she took her pseudonym from Rudyard Kipling. She began writing stories for newspapers and later produced political satire.
Teffi’s first collection of verse was Seven Fires (1910), and this was followed by a collection of humorous stories taken from daily life.
Teffi also wrote the symbolist prose collection The Lifeless Beast (1916), and became so popular that perfume and candy was marketed under her name. After the revolution she immigrated to France and settled in Paris (1919), where she wrote for émigré newspapers and periodicals.
Teffi wrote two novels such as Passiflora (1923) and The Adventure Novel (1932) and well as her own Memoirs (1932). By 1940 her health began to deteriorate and her written output was much reduced.

Tefft, Bess Hagaman – (1913 – 1977)
American novelist and educator
Tefft was born (Oct 6, 1913) at Hillsdale in Michigan, and atttended the local college. Her popular novels included Merrie Maple and Ken of Centennial Farm. Bess Tefft taught creative writing classes as part of an adult education program in Ann Arbor, and became the editor of the Washtenaw County Farm Bureau News from Michigan. She assisted with the establishment of the International Hospitality Program organized by the University of Michigan. Bessie Tefft died in Michigan.

Tegiwg – (c455 AD – c520)
Welsh saint
Tegiwg was the daughter of Ynyn Gwent, a local prince, and his wife Madrun, the daughter of Vortimer, and granddaughter of King Vortigern. She was the sister of Cedio, who was a monk at Lindisfarne and of St Cynheiddion. Tegiwg was revered in Wales as a saint, and may have lived as a religious recluse.

Tehakionwake    see   Johnson, Pauline

Tehan, Marie Therese – (1940 – 2004)
Australian health minister and radical reformer
Tehan was born (June 19, 1940) in Melbourne in Victoria. She joined the liberal party and became involved in politics being attached to the government of Premier Jeff Kennett (1987 – 1999). Marie Tehan died (Oct 31, 2004) aged sixty-four, at Nagambie.

Teise, Emma de – (fl. c1140 – 1157)
Anglo-Norman religious founder and patron
Emma de Teise was the daughter of Waldef de Teise and had a sister named Engeleise. Emma founded the nunnery of Neasham in Durham (1157), having provided the land and the first financial endowments of the house, together with her sister. The details of these arrangements were recorded in a confirmation charter provided by King Henry II (1154 – 1189), and a papal bull provided by Pope Adrian IV (Hadrian) who was himself an Englishman.

Tekawitha, Kateri (Catherine) – (c1656 – 1680)
Native American Catholic saint
Kateri Tekawitha was born into the Algonquin tribe at Ossernenon, New York. She suffered from smallpox as a child, which disease left her partly blind. Kateri was raised by the French but was later captured by the Iroquois and was forced to marry a Mohawk chieftain. When she was converted to Christianity by a Jesuit priest (1676) the tribe disowned her and Kateri fled to the Christian Indian village of Sault St Louis, near Montreal. She took a vow of chastity (1679) and was popularly known as the ‘Lily of the Mohawks.’ Kateri Tekawitha died (April 17, 1680) at Caughnawaga, Canada. Kateri was declared venerable by Pope Pius XII (1943) and was beatified by Pope John Paul II (1980), becoming the first native American Indian saint.

Telakowska, Wanda – (1905 – 1986)
Polish modernist designer and printmaker
During her youth Wanda Telakowska was a member of the Polish design group known as LAD. With the end of WW II she served as the head of the Polish Ministry of Culture and sponsored the works of many modernist designers, as well as encouraging the work of folk artists in textile design. Telakowska then appointed (1950) as the director of the Institute of Industrial Design in Warsaw (1950 – 1956).

Telesilla – (fl. c500 – c494 BC)
Greek poet
Telesilla was native of the city of Argos. According to the Roman historian Plutarch, Telesilla had been encouraged to write poetry because she sufferred ill-health. She was famous for causing the Argive women to be armed during an assault on the city by Kleomenes I of Sparta (c494 BC), when they succeeded in repelling the Spartan forces from the city walls. Telesilla seems to have written mainly for women, and nine fragments of her work survive, six of which appear to be from hymns to the gods Apollo and Artemis. The acephalous glyconic metre is called the Telesilleion in her honour.

Te-Ling, Princess      see    Der Ling

Telkes, Maria – (1900 – 1995)
Hungarian-American physical chemist
Telkes was born (Dec 12, 1900) and later immigrated to the USA. She worked as a biophysicist under George Crile at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (1926 – 1937), with whom she collaborated to publish, The Phenomena of Life (1936).
Maria Telkes later worked as a research engineer with the Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company in East Pittsburgh, and during WW II she became a civilian adviser to the US Office of Scientific Research and Development. Talkes became a pioneer in the application of solar energy to water distillation and home heating. She was later attached to the University of Delaware as a researcher, where she became a senior scientist before her retirement (1977). Maria Telkes died (Dec 2, 1995) aged ninety-five, in Budapest.

Tellipta – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Tellipta was a native of Africa who perished during the persecutions initiated by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia for refusing to make sacrifice to the local gods. Tellipta was venerated as a saint (Jan 26) her feast being recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tellmar, Margarete    see   Pochhammer, Margarete

Telniczenka, Katarzyna – (c1479 – 1528)
Polish courtier
Katarzyna Telniczenka became the mistress of King Sigismund I (1467 – 1548) whom she predeceased. She bore Sigismund three children, whom he recognized and provided for,

Tembanduma – (fl. c1575 – 1600) 
African warrior queen
Tembanduma was the daughter of Queen Mussasa, whose kingdom was situated along the Cunene River in the Kongo. Tembanduma came to the throne after her mother was deposed in a revolt in which she herself was probably a participant. Brave and fearless, the queen herself led her troops in battle, and was disfigured from the loss of an eye. Her behaviour became more bizarre, and she ordered all captured male children should be ground into an ointment that would guarantee the immortality of female warriors. Eventually Tembanduma was poisoned by her lover.

Tempest, Dame Marie Susan – (1864 – 1942)
British stage actress
Marie Etherington was born in London, the daughter of Edward Etherington. Marie was trained as a vocalist, and appeared in light opera. She achieved real success on the stage in the role of Nell Gwyn, the feisty mistress of Charles II in the play English Nell (1900) and adopted the professional name of ‘Marie Tempest.’
Marie Tempest then abandoned music and concentrated her talents in the theatre. She became internationally famous for playing elegant, society ladies, in the works of Noel Coward and St John Irvine, amongst others. She was married three times, including an aristocratic marriage (1898) with Lord Cosmo Gordon-Lennox (1869 – 1921), and was appointed DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by King George VI (1937) in recognition of her contribution to the arts and theatre. She retired in 1938. Dame Marie Tempest died (Oct 14, 1942) aged seventy-eight.

Temple, Anne Chambers, Countess – (1708 – 1777)
British poet
Anne Chambers was the daughter and coheir of Thomas Chambers, of Hanworth, Middlesex, and his wife Lady Mary Berkeley, daughter to Charles, second Earl of Berkeley (1649 – 1710). Anne became the wife (1737) of Richard Grenville-Temple (1711 – 1779), second Earl of Temple (1752 – 1779). Their only daughter Elizabeth Grenville-Temple (1738 – 1742) died in infancy. Lady Temple was the author of a collection of verse entitled Select Poems (1764), which were printed at Strawberry Hill, near London, the residence of Sir Horace Walpole. A portrait of the countess, drawn (1770) by Hugh Douglas Hamilton is preserved in the National Portrait Gallery in London. Countess Temple died (April 7, 1777) aged sixty-eight.

Temple, Dorothy Osborne, Lady      see    Osborne, Dorothy

Temple, Hester – (1690 – 1752)
British Hanoverian heiress and peeress (1749 – 1752)
Hester Temple was the eldest daughter of Sir Richard Temple (1634 – 1697), third baronet and his wife Mary Knapp of Weston, Oxford, and was sister to Sir Richard temple (1669 – 1749), first Viscount Cobham. Hester was married (1710) to Richard Grenville, of Wootton, Buckinghamshire (1678 – 1727), by whom she was the mother of George Grenville (1712 – 1770), Prime minister under George III (1763 – 1765), and Hester Grenville (1720 – 1803), wife of William Pitt the Elder, and mother of William Pitt the Younger. Her son the Hon. (Honourable) Henry Grenville (1717 – 1784) served as the Governor of Barbados (1746 – 1756) and was ambassador to the Porte.
With the death of her childless brother Richard, Viscount Cobham (1749) the original barony of Cobham (1714) became extinct, whilst the baronetcy passed to the next male heir Sir William Temple. The viscountcy and barony of Cobham (secondary creation 1718) then passed to Mrs Grenville as stipulated by the special remainder. Soon afterwards Lady Cobham was created first Countess Temple of Stowe by George II (1749) with remainder to her male heirs. Countess Temple died (Oct 6, 1752) aged sixty-eight.

Temple, Hope – (1859 – 1938)
Irish composer and pianist
She was born Alice Maud Davis (Dec 27, 1859) in Dublin and was known as ‘Dotie.’ As a concert performer she adopted the professional name of ‘Hope Temple.’ Hope Temple died (May 10, 1938) aged seventy-eight, at Folkestone in Kent, England.

Temple, John    see   Johnson, Georgia Douglas

Templewood, Maud Lygon, Lady – (1882 – 1962)
British aviatrix
Lady Maud Lygon was the daughter of Frederick Lygon (1830 – 1891), the fifth earl Beauchamp and his second wife Lady Emily Annora Charlotte Pierrepoint, the daughter of the fifth Earl Manvers. She was the younger half-sister to William Lygon (1872 – 1938), the sixth Earl Beauchamp. She became the wife (1909) of Sir Samuel Hoare and established their home at Templewood, near Northrepps in Cromer, Norfolk.
Her husband was appointed by George V as the British Air minister Lady Hoare accompanied him on a twelve thousand mile round trip on the first flight of the London-Cairo-Delhi air service (1926 – 1927). Lady Hoare was the first woman to ever fly that number of miles and was created DBE (civil) (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by the king (1927) in recognition of this achievement and she became Dame Maud Hoare. Sir Samuel was raised to the peerage as the first Viscount Templewood and Dame Maud then became the Viscountess Templewood (1944 – 1959). As the couple had remained childless the peerage became extinct at Lord Templewood’s death and Maud survived him as the Dowager Viscountess Templewood (1959 – 1962).

Tenagne Worq – (1911 – 2003)
Ethiopian princess
Princess Tenagne Worq was born (Jan 30, 1911) at Harar, the eldest daughter of the Emperor Haile Selassie and his second wife Menen. The princess was married firstly at Addis Ababa (1924) to Ras Desta Damtew, the noted Ethiopian war hero and governor of Kaffa, who was murdered by Italian invaders (1937), and secondly (1944) to Ras Andargatchew Masai, the governor of Harar. Tenagne Worq left six children from her first marriage, and also left a daughter, recognized officially as Princess Tsige Maryam (1940 – 1975), fathered by Abebe Retta.
The princess and her second husband were appointed as viceroy and vicereine of the former Italian colony of Eritraea, when it was federated with Ethiopia (1951). With her mother’s death (1962), Tenagne Worq became unofficial first lady of the empire, and served as adviser to her father. With her father’s overthrow by the Communist regime (1974), her lover Abebe Retta was shot by revolutionaries (Nov 23, 1974). The princess spent fourteen years imprisoned under harsh conditions, and her daughter Tsige died in prison. With her final release (1989) she lived in retirement. Princess Tenagne Worq died (April 6, 2003) aged ninety-two, at Addis Ababa, and was interred within the royal vault in the Holy Trinity Cathedral. Her death marked the end of an era in Ethiopian history.

Ten Boom, Corrie – (1892 – 1983) 
Dutch evangelist and author
Corrie Ten Boom was born in Haarlem, the daughter of a watchmaker, and was trained in her father’s workshop. During WW II she and her family risked their own lives in order to assist with the rescue of over seven hundred Jews from the Nazis. Their activities were eventually detected by the Germans, and they were captured and imprisoned in the infamous Ravensbruck concentration camp (1944). Upon being unexpectedly released (1945), Corrie established a hostel for refugees in Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany, and worked in Holland with concentration camp survivors. She published several works including The Hiding Place (1971) which was made into a film (1973) and In My Father’s House (1976).

Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guerin de – (1681 – 1749)
French writer and salonniere
Claudine de Tencin was born in Grenoble and entered a convent to please her family. However, she found this life most uncongenial and later removed to Paris (1714) where she established her own salon. Her personal beauty and wit attracted many lovers incluidng Philippe II, Duc d’Orleans, the regent of France (1715 – 1723) and Cardinal Guillaume Dubois. Her political connections greatly assisted the career of her brother, Cardinal Pierre Guerin de Tencin (1680 – 1758).
With the deaths of both her prominent lovers in the same year (1723), Madame de Tencin’s political importance diminished, and was sentenced to a short period of detention in the Bastille (1726) after one of her lovers committed suicide in her house. She recovered from this scandal however, and later her salon was revived. She was mistress to the writer Bernard le Fontenelle (1657 – 1757), and of the noted mathematician and philosopher, Jean d’Alembert (1717 – 1783) was her illegitimate son. Madame de Tencin published several romantic novels such as the Memoires du Comte de Comminges (1735), Le Siege de Calais (1739) and Les Malheurs de l’amour (Misfortunes of Love) (1747).

Tende, Anna Laskarisa di – (1487 – 1554)
Greek heiress and ruler
Anna Laskarina was the daughter of Antonio Laskaris, Marquis of Marro, sovereign Count of Tende and Veinitmiglia. She was a descendant of Teodoro II Laskaris, Emperor of Byzantium (died 1258) and his wife Helena, the daughter of Ivan Asen II, Tsar of Bulgaria. With her father’s death she inherited the important fiefs of Marro, Menton and Villeneuve (1509). She was married to Rene of Savoy, Comte de Villars, who was killed at the battle of Pavia in Lombardy (1525). Their daughter Madeleine of Savoy (c1510 – 1586) became the wife of Anne, Duc de Montmorency, and left descendants.

Tengiswindis of Andernach – (c1110 – c1170)
German nun
Tengiswindis resided in the town of Andernach. She later became an Augustinian caniness and was appointed as head (magistra) of this house. She corresponded with the famous Hildegard of Bingen concerning social and theological issues. Tengiswindis advocated the poverty eschewed by Christ to his followers and she upbraided Hildegard for surrounding herself with women of noble birth, and her surviving letter to Hildegard which deals with this issue has been dated 1152 or afterwards.

Teng Ying-Ch’ao    see    Deng Yengcheng

Ten Hoor, Elvie – (1900 – 1984)
American artist, painter and educator
Marie Mortensen was born (Oct 23, 1900) at Watseka in Illinois, the daughter of a merchant. Known as Elvie she studied at the Art Institute in Chicago and at the Famous Artists School at wesport in Connecticut. Elvie became the wife (1917) of John Ten Hoor, an attorney, to whom she bore two children. Mrs Ten Hoor had a long and impressive career as an art teacher, and was the author of the works Colleges and Found Art (1964) and College and Assemblages (1973).
Mrs Ten Hoor was a member of the Chicago Society of Artists and of the Renaissance Society of the University of Chicago. She received the prize for the most outstanding work from the Dunes Art Foundation of Indiana (1958) and received the Margaret R. Dingle Award for the most original work (1961). Examples of her collages and other artworks are preserved in galleries in Europe, Canada and the USA. Elvie Ten Hoor died (April 4, 1984) aged eighty-three, in Chicago.

Tennant, Kylie – (1912 – 1988)
Australian novelist, historian, poet and children’s author
Kathleen Tennant was born in Manly, Sydney, New South Wales and attended Sydney University. Known as Kylie her novels dealt with the Depression as it affected both the city and the Australian bush, and Tennant was known for her sympathetic and humorous approach to her characters. Tennant’s published works included Tiburon (1935) and The Battlers (1941), for which she was awarded a literary prize, and which was considered by many to be her best work. In search of authentic detail she spent a week in prison to assist with the writing of her novel Tell Morning This (1978), which dealt with life of the city underworld. Her work for children All the Proud Tribesmen (1959) gained for Tennant the Children’s Book award (1960).

Tennant, May – (1869 – 1946)
Irish social reformer and civil servant
Margaret Mary Edith Tennant was born in Dublin County, the daughter of a lawyer. She later travelled to London where she was employed as a secretary to Lady Emilia Dilke and was eventually appointed tresurer of the WTUL (Women’s Trade Union League). Tennant was later appointed as the first female factory inspector and was married (1896) to the Liberal member of parliament, Harold Tennant. May Tennant later served as a consultant on women’s welfare to the Ministry of Munitions (1914 – 1918) during WW I.

Tennant, Pauline    see    Rumbold, Pauline Laetitia Tennant, Lady

Tenney, Sarah Brownson – (1839 – 1876)
American novelist
Tenney was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, the daughter of the editor and novelist, Charles Augustus Brownson (1803 – 1876), whom she survived only six months. Her works included Marion Elwood (1859), At Another (1865) and the biographical work the Life of Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin, Prince and Priest (1873). Sarah Brownson Tenney died aged thirty-seven.

Tenno – (554 – 628)
Japanese empress regnant
Originally named Toroyora Miya, she was the daughter of the Emperor Kinmei she became the wife of her half-brother the Emperor Bidatsu (509 – 571) in her youth when she assumed the name of Suiko. She ruled in her own right from 593 as successor to the Emperor Sushan (587 – 592) her brother-in-law, and reigned for over thirty-five years as the empress regnant Tenno (593 – 628) until her death. She was succeeded on the throne by her grandson Jonmei.

Tennyson, Audrey Georgiana Florence Boyle, Lady – (1854 – 1916)
Anglo-Australian diplomatic figure, philanthropist and memoirist
Audrey Boyle was born (Aug 19, 1854) at Tillington, Sussex, the only daughter of Charles John Boyle (1806 – 1885) who served as a clerk of the Legislative Council in the cape colony in South Africa, and his wife Zacyntha Antonia Lorenzina Moore, the daughter of General Sir Lorenzo Moore, and the great-niece of Edmund Boyle (1767 – 1856), the eighth Earl of Cork and Orrery. She was raised in Cape Town and in Mauritius where her father was the director of the railways, before returning to England with her mother to finish her education. Audrey became the first wife (1884) of the Hon. (Honourable) Hallam Tennyson (1852 – 1925), who succeeded his father the poet Lord Alfred Tennyson as the second Baron Tennyson (1892) whereupon she became the Baroness Tennyson (1892 – 1916).
When Lord Tennyson was appointed as the Governor General of South Australia (1899), Lady Audrey accompanied him to Adelaide as the state’s official first lady. Lady Tennyson left over two hunderd and fifty letters, most written to her mother Zacyntha Boyle, some of which were edited by Dame Alexandra Hasluck and published in Audrey Tennyson’s Vice-Regal Days (1978). Her portrait was painted (1899) by Briton Riviere and is preserved in the National Library of Australia. Her correspondence reveals her love of Australia, where she became involved in affairs to benefit female workers. Lady Tennyson supported Charles Kingston and Sir Frederick Holder in organizing the establishment of tribunals to improve the conditions and eages for seamstresses. She established the Queen Victoria Hospital in Adelaide (1902), the first maternity hospital in South Australia on land donated for the cause by Robert Barr Smith, despite the objections of the medical profession and the refusal of any governmental assistance.
When Lord Tennyson was appointed as Governor-General of Australia (1903 – 1904) she resided in either Sydney or Melbourne in Victoria. After Lord Tennyson’s tenure in office ended the family returned to England, where they resided at Farringford near Freshwater on the Isle of Wight. During WW I she served as the superintendent of a Red Cross hospital which she established at Freshwater. Lady Tennyson died (Dec 7, 1916) aged sixty-two, at Farringford.

Tennyson, Emily Sarah Sellwood, Lady – (1813 – 1896)
British author
Emily Sellwood was born (July 9, 1813) at horncastle in Lincolnshire, the daughter of a solicitor. She was introduced to the Tennyson family due to her father’s official capacity as a lawyer and Alfred Tennyson’s younger brother Charles became the husband of Emily’s sister Louisa Sellwood. Emily and Alfred Tennyson (1809 – 1892) became engaged in 1833 but did not marry until 1850 when he felt that he could financially support a wife and family. She became the Baroness Tennyson (1884 – 1892) when Alfred was granted a peerage by Queen Victoria. The marriage produced two sons including Hallam Tennyson (1852 – 1925) who succeeded his father as the second baron Tennyson (1892 – 1925) and left issue.
The couple established their home at Farringford near Freshwater, on the Isle of Wight (1854) and also had a house at Haslemere from 1868. Lady Tennyson composed music for some of the lyrics written by her husband and assisted her son to write his father’s biography. She survived Alfred as the Dowager Baroness Tennyson (1892 – 1896). Lady Tennyson died (Aug 10, 1896) aged eighty-three, and was interred with her husband in All Saints’Church at Freshwater on the Isle of Wight.

Tenshoin – (1837 – 1883)
Japanese noblewoman
Tenshoin was the daughter of Nariakira Shimazu and received the name of Takako at birth. She became the wife of Iesada Tokugawa, the thirteenth shogun, and was daughter-in-law to Tadahiro Konoe. With the death of her husband she retired from the world and entered a monastery.

Tentamun – (fl. c1090 – c1070 BC)
Egyptian queen consort
Tentamun was the daughter of King Ramesses XI the last ruler of the XXth Dynasty (1185 – 1069 BC) and of his wife, also named Tentamun. She became the wife of Nesibanebdjedet I, the first ruler of the XXIst Dynasty (1069 – 945 BC) with his capital at Tanis. Her sister Henttawy became the wife of King Pinudjem I.
Nesibanebdjedet gained the Egyptian throne by marriage with Tentamun, and was possibly the high priest Amenhotep, and possessed no hereditary right himself. The Greeks called him ‘Smendes.’ Queen Tentamun was possibly the mother of King Amenemnisu whose reign proved to be short-lived.

Tentopet   see   Duatentopet

Teo (Tiaa) – (fl. c1430 – c1420 BC)
Queen consort of Egypt
Teo was the wife of King Amenhotep II (c1470 – c1401 BC) and was the mother of his successor Tuthmosis IV (c1430 – c1390 BC). Her son created several monuments to her, most notably at Giza, Thebes and Fayoum.

Teodora Asenina – (c1325 – before 1371)
Bulgarian empress (tsarina)
Born a Jewess named Sarah, she adopted the royal name of Teodora after she became the second wife (c1342) of the Emperor Ivan Alexander Asen (c1295 – 1371) whom she predeceased. Empress Teodora left five children,

Te Puea – (1884 – 1952)
Maori princess and leader
Te Puea was born at Whatiwhatihoe in Waikato, the daughter of Tahuna Herangi and his wife Princess Tiahuia, the daughter of King Tawhiao. She was raised in British schools and later acquired heroine status amongst her people when she saved King Mahuta from injury during a horse stampede. Becoming determined to improve living conditions for her people, Te Puea encouraged the revival of dying Maori crafts and agriculture in the settlement she established at Ngarnwahia. She was appointed CBE (Commander of the British Empire) in recognition of her valuable contributions to Maori society and culture.

Terentia – (94 BC – 9 AD)
Roman Republican patrician, estate manager and letter writer
Terentia was perhaps related to Publius Terentius Hispo, a close friend to her future husband (c79 BC) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 – 43 BC), consul (63 BC), bearing him two children. Terentia proved of great assistance to her husband after he was banished (58 BC), and wrote many letters on his behalf. Their surviving correspondence provided valuable information concerning their financial and personal arrangements. Cicero was anxious that Terentia’s dowry not be confiscated with his property, so that she could sustain herself and her children.
During the Civil War Terentia’s activities with legal matters and the family finances, caused offence to Cicero and he divorced her (46 BC). The triumvir Marcus Antonius is said to have jeered at Cicero for ending a marriage of such long standing and loyalty.  With the death of their daughter Tullia (45 BC) all matters concerning property were conducted through the offices of Pomponius Atticus. Terentia survived until the age of one hundred and three. Her son, Marcus Tullius Cicero (65 – 31 BC) became governor of Syria and was later appointed proconsul of Asia, and left issue. The story repeated by Jerome that Terentia remarried secondly to the historian Sallust (86 – 35 BC) and thirdly to Messalla Corvinus (64 BC – 8 AD) completely erroneous.

Terentia Flavola – (fl. c200 – 215 AD)
Roman priestess
Terentia Flavola was the daughter of Quintus Hedius Rufus Lollianus, and his wife Plautia Servilia, the daughter of Quintus Servilius Pudens, consul (166 AD). She was sister to Terentius Gentianus, consul ord. (211 AD) and was sister to Q. Hedius Lucius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus, consul (201 AD).
Terentia was dedicated from childhood to the service of the goddess Vesta. During the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla she served as Virgo Vestalis Maxima (chief Vestal) (204 – 215 AD).

Terentia Scaura – (fl. c120 – c130 AD)
Roman imperial patrician and verse writer
Terentia Scaura was the daughter of Terentius Scaurus, consul (102 or 104 AD), and sister of Terentius Gentianus, consul (116 AD). Terentia inscribed a surviving memorial to her brother Gentianus, in erudite verse, upon an Egyptian pyramid. Terentia Scaura is believed to have been the mother of Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus, consul (144 AD), proconsul of Asia, who was admired by the poet Apuleius. She was the ancestress of Quintus Hedius Lucius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus, proconsul of Asia (201 AD).

Teresa Ansurez – (c943 – after 997)
Queen consort of Castile (960 – 966)
Teresa Ansurez was from a prominent family connected with the royal family, being the daughter of Cout Ansur Fernandez. Teresa became the wife (960) of Sancho I (c936 – 966), King of Castile and Leon, whom she survived as Queen Dowager by over three decades. Charter evidence reveals that Queen Teresa was still living in 997. Her children were Ramiro III Sanchez (961 – 985), King of Castile who married but left no male heir, and the Infanta Urraca Sanchez (died after 997), who became the wife of Conte Nepociano Diaz.

Teresa de Trava – (c1158 – 1180)
Queen consort of Castile
Teresa Fernandez de Trava was the daughter of Fernando Perez de Trava and his wife Sanchia Gonzalez. She became the second wife (Aug, 1179) of Ferdinando II (1137 – 1188), King of Castile and briefly became queen consort (1179 – 1180). Queen Teresa died the following year (Feb 7, 1180) from the effects of childbirth.

Teresa Henriquez – (1102 – before 1166)
Infanta of Portugal
Teresa was the third daughter of Queen Teresa (1117 – 1128), and her husband Count Henry of Burgundy, and sister to King Alfonso I (1128 – 1185). Teresa was married to Sancho Nunez de Barbosa to whom she bore a son and heir, Conde Velasco Sanchez. Both she and her husband had died prior to their son being mentioned in two charters of his uncle King Alfonso (Dec, 1166).

Teresa of Avila (Teresa d’Avila, Teresa de Jesus) – (1515 – 1582)
Spanish nun, mystic and saint
Teresa was born into a noble family (March 28, 1515) in Avila, Castile, where she was raised and later became a Carmelite nun (1533). Famous for her estreme ascetism, Teresa began experiencing religious ecstasies and fame of her sanctity quickly spread. With papal permission (1562) Teresa founded the convent of St Joseph and restablished trict Carmelite reform. She went on to she found eight more convents and published her autobiography Libro de la vida (1562) and Las moradas (The Interior Castle) (1577), in which she discussed her mystical experiences.
Teresa also published the religious and social chronicle Libro de las fundaciones (The Book of Foundations) (1610). Teresa of Avila was canonized by Pope Gregory XV (1622) and was revered as the joint patron saint of Spain with St Iago de Compostela (James).

Teresa of Calcutta, Mother – (1910 – 1997)
Albanian Roman Catholic nun and founder
Born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Yugoslavia of Albanian parentage, she was raised in Skopje. She travelled to India (1928) where she later became a nun and joined the Irish Sisters of Loretto (1937), taking the religious name of Teresa. Teresa was appointed as principal of a school for girls in Calcutta (1946) but eventually left her convent so she worked closely amongst the poor of the city. She received medical training in Paris and returned to Calcutta where she established a school for poor children and opened her hospice, the House for the Dying (1952).
Her community of nuns was established by permission of Pope Pius XII as the Order of the Missionaries of Charity (1956), and they were answerable only to the pontiff. She also founded the Order of the Lotus. From this original foundation spread over two hundred ‘daughter’ houses in various countries. Mother Teresa later began working with lepers and established a colony for them called Shanti Nagar (‘Town of Peace’) near Asanol. She was awarded a peace prize by Pope John XXIII (1971) and received the Nobel Peacr Prize (1979). The process for her canonization has continued since her death.

Teresa of Castile (Tarasia) (1070 – 1130)
Queen regnant of Portugal (1117 – 1128)
Teresa was the daughter of Alfonso VI, King of Castile and Leon, and his mistress Ximena Fernandez Munoz, the daughter of Nuno Rodriguez de Guzman, Count of Amaya, through whom she was descended from Vermudo I, King of the Asturias. She was recognized by her father and raised at the royal court. She was later married (1093) to Count Henry I of Burgundy (1066 – 1112) as a reward for his military assistance ro Alfonso during the Moorish campaigns. The couple ruled Portugal together, King Alfonso providing the kingdom as her dowry.
A woman of strong character, Teresa often acted as regent of Portugal during her husband’s abscences on the First Crusade. With her husband’s death (1112) the countess was recognized by the papacy as queen. Pope Paschal II sent her a letter (June 18, 1116) in which he styled her Teresa reginae, but she herself did not style herself Queen of Portugal until (Nov, 1117). She ruled for another decade until she resigned the throne (1128) in favour of her son Alfonso I Henriquez (1110 – 1185), her intrigues with her Galician favourite, Fernando Perez de Trava, having lost her the support of the Portugese barons. She was defeated in battle by her son’s Spanish supporters and was forced into exile, though later permitted to return as queen mother. Queen Teresa died (Nov 1, 1130) at Coimbra, in Beira. She was interred with her husband in Burgos Cathedral. Her children were,

Teresa of Lisieux    see    Therese of Lisieux

Teresa of Naples    see   Teresa Maria Cristina

Teresa of Portugal (1) (Matilda) – (1157 – 1218)
Infanta
Teresa was born at Coimbra, in Beira, the youngest daughter of King Alfonso I (1128 – 1185) and his wife Matilda of Savoy, the daughter of Amadeo III, count of Savoy. With the death of her elder sister Matilda (1174), first wife of Alfonso II of Aragon, she adopted the name of Mafalda (Matilda) and was called ‘Mathilde’ by the Burgundians. Teresa held the lordship of Montenayor el Viejo e Ourem. Teresa was married firstly (1183) to Count Philip I of Flanders, as his second wife. Their marriage remained childless, and Philip was killed (July 1, 1191) at the siege of Acre in Palestine. Teresa arranged for his body to be recovered and conveyed to the Cistercian abbey of Clairvaux in Jura, where he was suitably interred. Teresa was granted lands and estates in the southern and coastal areas of Flanders as her dower, but her increases in taxation led to a localized rebellion at Furnes, led by the castellan of Bourbourg.
Countess Teresa was remarried for dynastic and political reasons (1193) to Duke Eudes III of Burgundy (1166 – July 6, 1218), a decade her junior, but they were divorced soon (1195). Upon promising Eudes that she would not remarry without his permission, and thus compromise him politically, Teresa was installed and officially confirmed as countess of Flanders. The historical chronicle the Flandria Generosa recorded that Teresa arranged the marriage of the great heiress Countess Jeanne of Flanders with her own nephew, the Portugese infante Ferdinand (1188 – 1233). Countess Teresa died at Furnes (May 16, 1218) aged sixty, having drowned when her carriage accidentally fell into a marsh. She was interred in the abbey of Clairvaux beside her first husband.

Teresa of Portugal (2) – (1176 – 1250) 
Queen consort of Leon
Infanta Teresa was the eldest daughter of Sancho I, King of Portugal, and his wife Dulcia, the daughter of Ramon Berenger IV, Count of Barcelona and Regent of Aragon. She was married (1191) at Guimaraes to Alfonso IX el Barbaro, King of Leon (1171 – 1230), to whom she bore three daughters.  Having provided no male heir, Alfonso divorced her (1198) on the grounds of consanguinity, and Teresa retired to Portugal, where she founded the Benedictine abbey on her estate at Lorvano, near Coimbra, becoming the first abbess of that house.
Teresa eventually changed the abbey to Cistercian rule, and replaced the monks with nuns, the abbey eventually accomodating three hundred sisters. Queen Teresa and Alfonso’s second wife Berengaria of Castile together planned a peaceful dynastic agreement (1234) between the children of both marriages regarding property. At this time the queen took religious vows and became a nun herself. She became reknowned for her sanctity and piety. Queen Teresa died (June 17, 1250) at Lorvao. She was beatified by Pope Clement XI (1705) and her feast observed (June 17) together with that of her sister Infanta Sanchia.

Teresa Florentina – (c915 – 956)
Queen consort of Castile
Infanta Teresa Florentina was the daughter of Sancho I, King of Navarre and his second wife Toda Asnarez, the daughter of Aznar de Larraun. She became the second wife (934) of King Ramiro II of Castile and Leon (c897 – 950). With his death (950) Teresa Florentina survived him as Queen Dowager (950 – 956). Her children included the kings Ordono III Ramirez and Sancho I Ramirez, whilst her daughter, the Infanta Elvira Ramirez later ruled the kingdom as regent (967 – 978). Queen Teresa Florentina died (June 23, 956) aged about forty.

Teresa Maria Cristina – (1822 – 1889)
Empress consort of Brazil
Princess Teresa was born (March 14, 1822) in Naples, the daughter of Francisco I, King of Naples and the Two Sicilies, and his second wife Maria Isabella, the daughter of Carlos IV, King of Spain. Through her mother was a descendant of Louis XV, king of France (1715 – 1774) and his Polish queen Marie Leszczynska. Teresa of Naples was married (1843) to Pedro II (1825 – 1891), emperor of Brazil, though he was unethusiastic about the choice of bride. She was short and unattractive, and intially Pedro had desired to get out of the marriage. Eventually the couple’s joint interest in the arts, and the births of their children ultimately drew them together, and the emperor came to fully appreciate his wife’s excellent sense and other personal qualities, and he had the city of Rio de Janeiro renamed Teresopolis in her honour. Despite their amicable relations, the emperor indulged in several notable liasions with ladies of the court such as the Condesa de Barral.
Empress Teresa bore Pedro four children, of whom only two daughters survived, of whom the elder, Princess Isabel (1846 – 1921) became popularly known as A Redentora (the Redeemer) when she abolished slavery. Her younger daughter, Princess Leopoldina of Brazil (1847 – 1871) was married to Augustus of Saxe-Coburg (1845 – 1907), Duke of Saxony, a cousin of Queen Victoria, and left descendants. Teresa visited England with her husband in 1871, and resided at Claridges Hotel in London, as Queen Victoria declared that Buckingham Palace did not possess the amenities to deal with foreign heads of state. This was ridiculed by the British newspapers whilst a cartoonist portrayed the emperor and empress queuing for rooms at Claridges whilst the palace stood vacant. The empress sufferred a heart attack several days after a military coup overthrew the dynasty (Nov 15, 1889). She then accompanied her family into exile in Portugal. Empress Teresa died (Dec 28, 1889) at Oporto. The empress was buried firstly at Sao Vicente de For a, but her remains were later returned in state to Brazil, where she was interred within the Imperial mausoleum in the Cathedral of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro (1920), together with that of her husband who died not long after her (1891).

Terken Khatun (1) – (fl. 1172 – 1220)
Khwarazmshahi queen
A member of the Cipcaq Turk tribe, Terken Khatun became the wife of Sultan Ala-al-Din Tekish who ruled (1172 – 1200). She was the mother of Sultan Ala al-Din Muhammad (1200 – 1220).

Terken Khatun (2) – (c1237 – c1262)
Salghurid queen
Terken was married firstly to Sa’ad II bin Abi Bakr bint Sa’s bint Zangi, king of Fars, by whom she was the mother of Queen Abish Khatun of Fars. With the death of her husband (1261) she was remarried to a kinsman. Queen Terken Khatun was later murdered.

Ternan, Ellen – (1839 – 1914)
British stage actress
Ellen Ternan was the daughter of an actor. She retired from the stage after becoming the mistress of the novelist Charles Dickens. She survived his death over forty years.

Terrabotti, Santuccia – (c1237 – 1305)
Italian Benedictine abbess
Santuccia Terrabotti was born at Gubbio, in Umbria to a minor patrician family. She married but her only child died young. Santuccia and her husband resolved to take up the religious life, he beame a Benedictine monk at the abbey of St Peter in Gubbio, whilst she built and endowed the convent of Serve della Madonna outside the city. Santuccia took the veil as a nun and established the Benedictine rule there.
Elected abbess, her skill as an administrator so impressed the Knight Templars that they gave her the church of Santa Maria in Giulia in Rome, together with the adjacent buidlings to he turned into a convent for her new order. She also founded a convent at Bolgaviano, outside Perugia, on the site of a former oratory. Santuccia founded in total twenty-four convents over which she ruled as superior-general, her nuns being popularly known as ‘le Santuccie.’
When abbot Giovanni of Gubbio protested to the Vatican because Santuccia refused to allow that he had jurisdiction over her convents, Pope Clement IV intervened on her behalf, making the order dependent of the Vatican itself (1264). Regarded a saint the church honoured her (March 21) and (Sept 8).

Terrell, Tammi – (1945 – 1970)
American rhythmn and blues vocalist
Born Tammy Montgomery in Germantown, Pennsylvania, she attended the University of Pennsylvania but dropped out of school in order to pursue a singing career. Terrell was best known for her album Irresistable Tammi Terrell. Which had the song ‘Come On and See Me.’ She performed with such legendary figures as Marvin Gaye with whom she cut the album United, but her promising career was cut tragically short by a brain tumour. Tammi Terrell died (March 16, 1970) aged twenty-four, in Philadelphia.

Terrington, Rena de Vere Shapland-Swiny, Lady – (1894 – 1973)
British socialite and memoirist
Rena Shapland-Swiney was the daughter of Captain William Molyneux Shapland-Swiny, of Ballymurrough and Cloghamon in County Wexford, Ireland, an officer of the 42nd Royal Highlanders and ADC (aide-de-camp) to HRH Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught son of Queen Victoria. Rena became a court debutante during the reign of George V (1910 – 1936) and Queen Mary. She became the second wife (1927) of Harold James Selborne Woodhouse (1877 – 1940), the second Baron Terrington, but the marriage remained childless. Rena survived her husband for over three decades as Dowager Baroness Terrington (1940 – 1973). Lady Terrington was the author of a volume of reminiscences entitled All That for Nothing.

Terriss, Ellaline – (1871 – 1971)
Briitsh stage and film actress
Born Ellen Lewin, she was the daughter of the actor William Terriss (1847 – 1897) and his wife Isabel Lewis. She originally used the stagename of ‘Ellen Lewin.’ Ellaline became the wife of the noted actor, Sir Edward Seymour Hicks (1871 – 1949). Her film credits included appearances in Glamour (1931), The Iron Duke (1935) and The Four Just Men (1939).

Terry, Alice – (1899 – 1987)
American silent film actress
Born Alice Taafe, she was one of the stars of the silent film era whose career did not continue after the advent of sound films. Her silent credits included appearances in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), The Prisoner of Zenda (1922) and Mare Rostrum (1927).

Terry, Dame Ellen Alicia – (1847 – 1928) 
British stage actress and theatrical manager
Ellen Terry was born (Feb 27, 1847) in Coventry into a theatrical family, and was sister to actor Fred Terry. She appeared on stage from early childhood (1855) and gradually established herself as a talented and popular Shakespearean actress. She was best remembered in the roles of Portia and Ophelia. Terry worked uneasily with Sir Henry Irving at the Lyceum Theatre, and later went into theatre management, her son, the actor and stage designer Edward Gordon Craig, producing Henrik Ibsen’s work The Vikings.
George Bernard Shaw wrote the part of Lady Cicely Waynflete for her in his Captain Brassbound’s Conversion (1905). She was created DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by King George V (1925) in recognition of her valuable contribution to the theatre. Dame Ellen Terry died (July 21, 1928) aged eighty-one, at Small Hythe, Tenterden, Kent.

Terry, Hilda – (1914 – 2006)
American cartoonist and author
Born Theresa Hilda Fellman (June 15, 1914) in Newburyport, Massachusetts, she adopted the professional name of ‘Hilda Terry.’ She was taught her craft by the cartoonist Gregory d’Alessio whom she later married (1938). Hilda Terry was the creator of the popular newspaper cartoon Teena (1941 – 1964), which she wrote for almost twenty-five years. Terry became the first woman to become a member of the National Cartoonists society (1950) and later received the Animators Award from the National Cartoonists Society (1979). Hilda Terry died (Oct 13, 2006) aged ninety-two.

Terry-Lewis, Mabel – (1872 – 1957)
British stage and film actress
Mabel Terry-Lewis was born (Oct 28, 1872) in London, the daughter of stage actor Arthur Lewis and his actress wife Kate Terry. She became the wife of Ralph C. Batley. She made many appearances in silent films, often playing aristocratic ladies, but with the advent of sound she also worked in early television. Her silent film credits included Love Maggy (1921) in which she appeared as Lady Shelford and Shirley (1922).
Her film roles included that of the Marquise in Close (1930), the Comtesse de Tournay in The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934) with Leslie Howard and Merle Oberon, Lady Melbury in Dishonour Bright (1936), and Lady Loxfield in They Came to a City (1945). Other film credits included Jamaica Inn (1939) and The Pelican (1939) in which she played Lady Heriot. Mabel Terry-Lewis died (Nov 28, 1957) aged eighty-five, in London.

Terry-Smith, Sylvia    see   Schofield, Sylvia Anne

Tertia, Mucia   see   Mucia Tertia

Tertulla, Caecilia – (fl. c110 AD)
Roman Imperial patrician and priestess
Caecilian Tertulla was the mother of Marcus Calpurnius Rufus, governor of Achaia in Greece, and Imperial legate of Cyprus during the reign of the emperor Hadrian (98 – 117 AD). A surviving inscription from Attalia in Pamphylia, Asia Minor, records that Tertulla was sacerdos (priestess) of the Imperial cult of Julia Augusta (Livia, widow of Augustus). The inscription records that she also held the public office of gymnasiarch (director) of the local education academy for young men in Attalia. This office entailed the production and direction of gymnastic festivals.

Teru – (1925 – 1961)
Japanese Imperial princess
The princess was born (Dec 6, 1925) in the Akasada Palace, Tokyo, as Teru-no-Shigeko-Naishinno, the eldest surviving daughter of the Emperor Hirohito (later Showa) (1926 – 1989) and his wife the Empress Nagako, daughter to Prince Kuni. Originally called Shigeko and attended school in the Gakushun sector of Tokyo. She was betrothed at the early age of ten (1935) and took the name of Teru after marriage (1943) to her cousin, Prince Higashu Morihito (1916 – 1969), the grandson of the Emperor Meiji (1867 – 1912), to whom she bore five children.
With the plebiscite held after WW II (1947), the princess, her husband, and children were relegated to the official status of commoners, along with the collateral branches of the Imperial family, and she became Mrs Higashikuni. Princess Teru died (July 23, 1961) of cancer, aged thirty-five, in Tokyo.

Teruncelli, Maddalena dei – (fl. c1440 – 1443) 
Italian patron
Maddalena dei Teruncelli was the wife of Galvano Lattuga, a building administrator of the bishop of Padua. Maddalena commissioned a life-size statue of the Virgin and Child for the church of Santa Maroa dei Servi in Padua. The work was most probably executed by a pupil of Rainaldino di Pietro da Francia. In 1443 Maddalena and her husband made a substantial endowment to the prior of Santa Maria dei Servi. At her death she was interred in the front of the chapel there.

Tescon, Trinidad – (1848 – 1928) 
Philippino freedom fighter and nationalist heroine
Tescon was born in San Miguel del Mayumo. She became a prominent figure during the Philippine Revolution, when she fough alongside the soldiers led by General Llanera at San Miguel (1895). Trinidad was wounded at Zaragoza and organized for nurses to tend the sick and wounded. She is credited with the beginning of the Red Cross in her country, and was buried in the Veterans’ Tomb in Manila.

Tesi, Vittoria – (1700 – 1775)
Italian stage actress and popular vocalist
Vittoria was born (Feb 13, 1700) in Florence, and trained as a contralto performer. She made her first stage appearances in Parma and Bologna (1716). Tesi then performed with considerable success in Dresden, Saxony, where she performed with Margherita Durastanti, and in London, Paris, Spain, Frankfurt and throughout Italy. She performed the title roles in the operas Ipermestra (1744) and Semiramide riconosciuta (1748) by Christoph Gluck (1714 - 1787), and appeared in Achille in Sciro and Didone abbandonata (1749) by Niccolo Jommelli (1714 - 1774).
After her eventual retirement Vittoria resided at the court of Vienna where she taught music and singing, one of her pupils being the famous Caterina Gabrielli. She was mentioned in the correspondence of the British antiquarian Horace Walpole. Vittoria Tesi died (May 9, 1775) aged seventy-five in Vienna.

Tesia    see   Tasia of Lombardy

Tesse, Adrienne Catherine de Noailles, Comtesse de – (1741 – 1814)
French letter writer, social reformer, salonniere, émigré and estate manager
Adrienne Catherine de Noailles was born (Dec 24, 1741), the eldest daughter of Louis, Duc de Noailles and his wife Catherine de Cosse-Brissac. She married Rene Mars de Froulay, Comte de Tesse (1736 – 1813).  The comtesse was of a metaphysical bent, a firm supporter of the principles of Voltaire, and held a fashionable salon in her Paris mansion. The composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dedicated two sonatas to her for viol and piano. Madame de Tesse was a friend of the Marquis de La Fayette, husband to her niece Adrienne de Noailles, and was much admired by the American statesman Thomas Jefferson. Both Madame de Tesse and Jefferson were keenly interested in agriculture, and their correspondence continued until her death. She also presented him with a truncated column of marble that commemorated the fight for American liberty in its inscription (1789). This later served as the pedestal for the bust of Jefferson, executed by Giuseppe Ceracchi.
With the onset of the Revolution soon afterwards, the comtesse emigrated to Lowenburg in Switzerland, but had the forsight to take a considerable amount of cash and valuables with her. At Lowenburg she bought a diary farm, the proceeds of which supported her household and many dependent émigré families. Financial considerations caused the comtesse to sell the farm (1795), and took a house at Altoona, near Hamburg, Germany. She then purchased a farming estate at Witmold, near Ploen, Holstein, which produce butter and cheese which was sold at the Hamburg market for the upkeep of her household. Permitted to return to France by Napoleon I (1800), she acquired an estate at Aulnay and a townhouse in Paris, being often a guest at La Grange-Bleneau, the estate of her niece Madame de La Fayette. Madame de Tesse died aged seventy-two (Feb 1, 1814).

Tessin, Ulla Sparre, Countess (Ulrika Lovisa) – (1711 – 1768)
Swedish writer, salonniere, and patron
Ulla Sparre was married (c1727) to Count Karl Gustaf Tessin (1695 – 1771), the general marshal of the court of King Adolphus Fredrik. Like her husband the countess was an avid collector of antiques, books, statues, coins, and botanical specimens, and was a prominent figure at the court of Queen Louisa Ulrika. Her portrait survives.

Tester, Doll – (1861 – 1917)
British vaudeville actress and performer
Born Dorothy Julia Haseley, she was the daughter of Thomas Haseley. Julia was employed at the Theatre Royal and was part of the chorus at The Empire Theatre. Doll Tester was married firstly (1884) to George William Thomas Brudenell-Bruce (1863 – 1894), the first marquess of Ailesbury. There were no children. Her second husband (1901) was Daniel Waddle Webster of Arbroath in Forfar, Scotland. Doll Tester died (Sept 3, 1917) aged fifty-six.

Tetisherit – (c1610 – c1540 BC)
Queen of Egypt
Tetisherit was the daughter of a nobleman named Tjenna (Cenna) and his wife Neferu. She became the wife of King Sekenre Tao I (c1620 – c1555 BC), and was the mother of his successor, Sekenre Tao II (c1590 – c1550 BC) and his sister wife, Ahhopte I. She survived into the reign of her grandson, King Ahmose. Queen Tetisherit was buried in the Valley of the Queens, in Thebes, though her tomb remains undiscovered. A cenotaph was erected to her memory at Abydos by her grandson Ahmose.
During the reign of Ramesses IX her tomb eas found to have been desecrated by grave robbers. What remained of her mummy and grave goods were recovered and moved for safety to the tomb of Queen Inhapi at Der-el-Bahri, where it was discovered by archaeolgists in 1881. Her mummy was preserved in the Cairo Museum and revealed her to have been an elderly woman of seventy. Her thinning hair had been interwoven with false hair to cover a balding spot. She also possessed prominent buck teeth, a feature which became a family trait.

Tetradia – (fl. 585 – 590)
Merovingian heiress
Tetradia was married firstly to the comes Arvernorum (count of Auvergne), Eulalius (585 – 590). Tetradia inherited property in Auvergne and her mother had important connections. Tetradia bore Eulalius two sons, the elder of whom was Johannes. Having left her first husband because of his ill-treatment, she agreed to marry his nephew Virus. Tetradia and all her moveable property were sent for safety to Desiderius, the dux of Gaul (576 – 587).
With the murder of Virus by Eulalius, Tetradia remarried to Desiderius (585), but he was killed in a skirmish with the Visigoths soon afterwards (587). The historian Gregory of Tours recorded in his Historia Francorum that Eulalius sued for the return of his property (590). A council of bishops ordered Tetradia to repay four times the value of what she had taken. She was permitted to return to Auvergne and retain ownership of property inherited from her father, but her children by Desiderius were declared illegitimate.

Tetrazzini, Luisa – (1871 – 1940)
Italian coloratura soprano
Terazzini was born in Florence and was sister to the soprano Eva Tetrazzini. She made her stage debut as Inez in Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera L’Africaine in Florence (1890) after which she made very successful tours in London, Europe, Russia, and the USA (1904).Tetrazzini was best remembered for appearances in such popular operas as Lucia di Lammermoor, La Traviata and Rigoletto. She worked with the Metropolitan and Manhattan operas in New York, and published her memoirs My Life of Song (1921). Luisa Tetrazzini died (April 28, 1940) at Milan in Lombardy.

Tettia Etrusca – (c30 – c56 AD)
Roman patrician
Tettia Etrusca was the daughter of Gaius Tettius Africanus Cassianus Priscus and his wife Funisulana Vettula, the daughter of Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus, and was sister to Lucius Tettius Julianus. Tettia became the wife of Tiberius Julianus and was the mother of two sons including Claudius Etruscus, to whom the poet addressed a poem in consolation for the death of his father. Tettia was of higher birth than her husband, and both her husband and sons were raised to the equestrian order by the Emperor Vespasian who also raised Tettia’s brother to the rank of consul. She appears to have died young.

Tetzel, Joan – (1924 – 1977)
American stage, film and television actress
Joan Tetzel was born (June 21, 1921) in New York. She worked firstly on the stage and appeared as Nurse Ratched in the production of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Her movie credits included The Paradine Case (1947), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, in which she appeared as Judy Flaquer, which was considered her finest role, and Joy in the Morning (1965). She again worked with Hitchcock in his television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents and also appeared in episodes of Perry Mason. She was married secondly (1949) to the Viennese actor Oscar Homolka (1899 - 1978). Joan Tetzel died (Oct 31, 1977) aged fifty-six, at Fairwarp in Sussex, England.

Teuta – (fl. c240 – 219 BC)
Illyrian queen and warrior
Born a member of the Aridiae tribe of Illyria in Greece, she was married (c240 BC) to King Agron (c275 – 231 BC). Her husband died from drink and illness after celebrating his victory over the Aetolians of Medeon in Akarnarnia. Queen Teuta ruled Illyria after her husband’s death as regent for her young stepson Pinnes, despite the fact that his mother Triteuta was then living. This would seem to indicate that Teuta was Agron’s chief queen.
According to Polybius Teuta gave her ships permission to pillage others, and assembled a great fleet for the purpose of piracy. The coasts of Elis and Messenia, and Epirus were plundered by Teuta’s pirates. However when she attacked Roman vessels two envoys, Gaius and Lucius Coruncanius, were sent to negotiate with her. Being then occupied with the siege of the Greek island of Issa, the queen received then with contempt and dismissed them with false promises. Lucius was then killed but Gaius escaped and the Romans sent a fleet against Teuta. She was driven from Issa and forced to take refuge in the fortress of Rhizon. She was forced to conclude a treaty with Rome (228 BC), which included the payment of an indemnity.
Queen Teuta kept this agreement for several years but later provoked the Romans (219 BC) into sending a second expedition against her. Philip V of Macedonia came to her assistance but this culminated in Rome’s final subjugation of the Balkan region. Of Teuta’s fate nothing has been recorded.

Tey – (c1395 – c1326 BC)
Egyptian queen consort
Tey was the wife of King Ay, the successor of Tutankhamun. Her husband was probably the brother to Queen Tiye, the favoured wife of Amenhotep III. She was perhaps the mother of the famous Queen Nefertiti, the wife of Amenhotep IV Akhenaten. Tutankhamun was the son of Amenhotep IV by his secondary wife Kiya. Tey’s younger daughter was then Mutnodjmet, the second wife of King Horemheb. She held an honoured position within the royal household as the nurse to the daughters of Nefertiti.
Tey was accorded the royal titles when Ay succeeded the young Tutankhamun on the Egyptian throne. The elderly King Ay also married Tutankhamun’s widow Ankhesenamun, the granddaughter of himself and Tey, but Queen Tey appears to have remained his senior wife and Ankhesenamun quickly disappeared from the record. The fact that the tomb of Ay and Tey in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes was violated and desecrated by Horemheb upon his accession seems to indicate that the elderly Tey predeceased her husband. Reliefs in the tomb portray Ay and Tey hunting hippopotamus together, and bird-fowling in a canoe. They were both portrayed as fervent followers of the Armarnan reforms instigated by Amenhotep IV.

Tey, Josephine – (1896 – 1952)
Scottish novelist and dramatist
Born Elizabeth Mackintosh (July 25, 1896) at Inverness, and attended the Inverness Academy. She originally trained as a physical education instructor and taught at Anstey College in Birmingham, Lancashire until the frail health of her parents necessitated her move back home to care for them (1923). Mackintosh produced crime novels using the pseudonym ‘Josephine Tey,’ and is remembered for her novel The Daughter of Time (1951), in which a modern day investigation is made into the so-called crimes of King Richard III (1483 – 1485).
As ‘Gordon Daviot’ she wrote collections of verse, short stories, and several plays including Richard of Bordeaux (1932) which was produced for the stage in the West End and Queen of Scots (1934). Her other works included Miss Pym Disposes (1946) for which she used her earlier teaching career as a basis, the crime novel The Franchise Affair (1948) and Brat Farrar (Come and Kill Me) (1949). Josephine Tey died (Feb 13, 1952) aged fifty-five.

Teyte, Dame Maggie – (1888 – 1976) 
British lyric soprano and leading interpreter of French art songs
Margaret Teyte was born at Wolverhampton (Aug 17, 1888). Teyte made her stage debut at the Monte Carlo Opera (1907) and then successfully toured the USA and Europe, where she achieved great popularity as a concert performer. Teyte continued her career successfully for six decades and her contributions to the world of music were recognized when she was created a Chevalier d’Honneur (1957) by the French government and DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1958). Maggie Teyte wrote her autobiography entitled A Star on the Door (1958). Dame Maggie Teyte died (May 26, 1976) aged eighty-seven.

Thaden, Louise – (1906 – 1979)
American aviatrix
Louise Thaden mastered the technique of flying whilst still aged only in her teens. She won the first Woman’s Air Derby (1927) at the age of twenty-one. Louise held three international flying records, for endurance, altitude, and speed, and was awarded the Harman Trophy (1936) as the most outstanding female pilot. Louise was a friend and admirer of Amelia Earhart, whom she vainly attempted to dissuade from making her last, fatal flight (1937).

Thais – (fl. c340 – c320 BC)
Greek courtesan
Thais had achieved fame for herself and a beautiful, witty, and accomplished courtesan, when she became the mistress of Ptolemy, the Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who later became king of Egypt as Ptolemy I Soter. Anecdotes concerning Thais are recorded in the works of Athenaeus. Thais had accompanied Ptolemy on his military travels, and is said to have goaded Alexander into burning the palace of the Persian king, Darius III, at Persepolis, whilst he was in a drunken stupor (330 BC). This story forms the subject of John Dryden’s Ode to Saint Cecilia’s Day, but is taken from the rather unreliable historian Kleitarchus. She bore Ptolemy several children, including Theoxana, who became the wife of Agathokles, King of Syrakuse.

Thais of Egypt – (c305 – c345 AD)
Greek Christian penitent and saint
According to her legend Thais had been raised in Egypt as a Christian, but chose instead to become a courtesan in Alexandria, achieving fame in this profession. During her later years she decided to forgo her sinful existence and placed herself under the spiritual guidance of St Paphnutius. Thais was then placed in a cell as a solitary where she performed three years of penances imposed by Paphnutius before being permitted to enter a regular convent on nuns. She died there a fortnight later. Revered as a penitent saint, her feast (Oct 8) was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.
Her original life, written in Greek in the fifth century, was translated into Latin several centuries later by Dionysius Exiguus as the Vita Thaisis. Details of her life were also recorded in the collective lives of the desert saints the Vitae Patrum. Abbess Hrostvitha of Gandersheim produced the play Pafnutius or The Conversion of St Thais. And the composer Jules Massenet produced the opera Thais (1894) which drew upon the historical novel of the same name (1890) published by Anatole France. Her portrait by Jusepe de Ribera has survived.

Thalaea – (fl. c520 BC)
Roman patrician
Thalaea was the wife of Pinarius who lived during the reign of King Tarquinius Superbus (534 – 510 BC). She quarrelled irrevocably with her mother-in-law Gegania and her husband was permitted to divorce her. The historian Plutarch mentioned Thalaea’s case in his comparison lives of Numa and Lycurgus, as the first example of a divorce being granted on the grounds of the incompatability between a wife and her in-laws.

Thanet, Octave    see   French, Alice

Thardim, Beatrice – (1940 – 1999)
Aboriginal-Australian Catholic nun
Beatrice was born (May 10, 1940) at Mardunungame in the Northern Territory. She was professed as a nun (1966) and worked as a teacher’s assistant and court interpreter amongst Northern Territory aboriginal communities. Sister Beatrice Thardim died (April 12, 1999) aged fifty-eight, on the Daly River.

Thargelia – (c540 – c490 BC)
Greek queen
Thargelia was a native of Miletus and became the wife of King Antiochus of Thessaly. She had originally been a prominent courtesan before the king took her to wife, and Aspasia, the mistress of Perikles is said to have used Thargelia as her model. Left a widow (c515 BC) Thargelia reigned as sole ruler for thirty years before being finally murdered by an Argive when she resisted the overtures of Darius I of Persia.
The historian Plutarch recorded that ‘Thargelia was a great beauty, extremely charming, and at the same time sagacious; she had numerous suitors among the Greeks, and brought all who had to do with her over to the Persian interests, being men of the greatest power and station, sowed the seeds of the Median faction up and down several cities.’ Athenaeus stated that Thargelia was married to fourteen husbands but fragmentary evidence indicates that there may have been two royal ladies of this name, and they may have become historically conflated.

Tharpe, Rosetta – (1915 – 1973) 
American gospel and blues vocalist
Born Rosetta Rubin in Cotton Plant, Arkansas, she was famous for her successful compilation of blues and gospel, with which she accompanied herself on an electric guitar. One of her best known songs was ‘Didn’t It Rain’ (1944) and she later appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival (1968). Rosetta Tharpe died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Tharsilla    see   Tarsilla

Thatcher, Heather – (1897 – 1987)
British film actress
Thatcher worked in Hollywood, California. Her film credits included Tovarich (1937), Beau Geste (1939) and Gaslight (1944) with Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer.

Thaxter, Celia Laighton – (1835 – 1894)
American poet and children’s writer
Celia Thaxter was born (June 29, 1835) at Portsmouth in New Hampshire, the daughter of a lighthouse keeper. Much of her verse concerned the sea and was published in the Atlantic magazine, to which she contributed more poems than any other contemporary female poet. Celia was familiar with such literary figures as her publisher James T. Fields (1817 – 1881) and his wife Annie Adams Fields and John Greenleaf Whittier (1807 – 1892).
Celia Thaxter’s verse remained remarkable for its lack of fashionable sentimentality. Her published collections of verse included Poems (1872), Poems for Children (1884), Idyls and Pastorals (1886) and Poems (1896) which was published posthumously. Her Letters (1895) were also published posthumously. Celia Laighton Thaxter died (Aug 26, 1894) aged fifty-nine.

Theano (1) – (fl. c580 – c550 BC) 
Greek philosopher, mathematician and physician
Theano was the wife of Pythagoras to whom she bore two daughters. With the death of her husband, Theano and her daughters carried on the running of the Pythagorean School of philosophy. According to the tenth century Greek biographical dictionary the Suda, Theano was the author of several treatises such as Golden Mean, About Pythagoras, Advice for Women and Sayings of the Pythagoreans. Eight letters said to have been addressed to Theano have survived.

Theano (2) – (fl. c480 – c450 BC)
Greek lyric poet
Theano was recorded in the Greek dictionary the Suda as a writer of poetic verse. She was also mentioned by Eustathius though none of her works have survived.

Thebe – (fl. 367 BC)
Greek patrician
Thebe and her brother Lykophron were the children of Jason of Pherae. She was given in marriage to Alexander, the tyrant of Pherae. Thebe, Lykophron and their remaining two brothers Tisiphonus and Pitholaus all participated in the murder of Alexander.

Thecla – (c720 – c790)
Anglo-German nun
Thecla was born in England and trained as a nun at Wimborne Abbey in Dorset. She later worked as missionary nun under St Boniface in Germany, and was later appointed as abbess of Kitzingen, where she died. Venerated as a saint (Oct 15) her feast was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Theclaia    see   Teclacia

Thekla of Amorion – (831 – after 877)
Byzantine Augusta
Thekla of Amorion was the eldest daughter of the Emperor Theophilus (829 – 842), and his second wife Theodora of Paphlagonia, the daughter of Marinus of Ebissa, a military official. She was sister to the Emperor Michael III of Amorion (842 – 867) with whom she was jointly crowned, their imaged appearing on the coinage. Empress Thekla remained unmarried, but retained a reputation for adultery, when she became the mistress of the futre emperor Basil the Great. When her affair with Basil ended she formed a relationship with a courtier, Johannes Neatokomites. When Basil discovered this liasion, Johannes was tonsured as a monk, whilst Thekla sufferred the confiscation of her property, except for her palace of Blachernae, where she was forced to remain as a nun. The empress died bedridden and stricken with poverty several years afterwards.

Thekla of Ikonium – (c15 – c66 AD)
Graeco-Roman virgin martyr
Thekla was a native of Ikonium (formerly Konya) in Asia Minor. Thekla was converted by the apostle St Paul and desired to remain a Christian virgin and remained a devoted adherent of Paul. She broke off her betrothal and sufferred much persecution on this account. Eventually she was martyred for the Christian faith, her feast (Sept 23) recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.
The apocryphal story of St Thekla as recorded in the Acts of St Paul, which was penned in the late second century AD, included many fantastic and unbelievalble stories and claims, including that she spent many years living in a cave at Meriamlik, near Seleucia, when the rocks opened to receive her after she was persecuted at the age of ninety. She was greatly venerated during the Middle Ages and her supposed sanctuary near Seleucia was a favourite place of pilgrimage.

Thekla of Lentini – (fl. c250 AD)
Roman Christian saint
Thekla was born at Lentini in Sicily, the daughter of a Christian lady named Isidora. Thekla inherited considerable estates and gave her protection and assistance to local persecuted Christians. She was cured of paralysis by St Alphius and other Christians, and when they were all executed during the persecution initiated by the Emperor Traianus Decius Thekla gave their remains a decent burial. For this kindness she was arrested by order of the local governor Tertullus. His death soon afterwards saved Thekla’s life and she was released. She devoted the remainder of her life to the spreading of the Christian faith and built the Church of the Virgin Mary at Lentini. The church venerated Thekla of Lentini as a saint (Jan 10).

Thekla of Phrygia – (c785 – 821)
Byzantine Augusta (820 – 821)
Thekla was the daughter of Bardanes Tourkos, an important military figure who served the Emperor Nikephorus I (803 – 811) as the governor of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, and his wealthy wife, Domnica. Her father was involved in the abortive rebellion in 803, and was blinded, dying as a monk in a monastery on the Island of Prote. Several years prior to his downfall, Thekla became the first wife (c797) of the military commander Michael, the future Emperor Michael II of Amorion (820 – 829), and was mother to the Emperor Theophilus (829 – 842), to whom the future Emperor Leo V (813 – 820) stood godfather.
Thekla became a prominent religious patron in Constantinople. When her husband achieved the Imperial throne Thekla was crowned as empress at the Cathedral of St Sophia, but she died several months afterwards. She was interred within the Mausoleum of Justinian, attached to the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Her daughter Helena of Amorion became the wife of Theophobus, Prince of Persamenia (died 842), whilst her granddaughter, Thekla of Amorion, was named in her honour.

Themotea – (fl. 592)
Italian religious patron
Themotea built an oratory on her estate in Rimini, and wrote a letter to Pope Gregory I, requesting it to be consecrated. The Pope instructed Bishop Castorius to perform the ceremony. Gregory recorded this request in his Epistolarum Registrum in which he styled her Themotea inlustris femina.

Theoctista     see   Theoktiste

Theoda of Mainz – (fl. 847)
Carolingian prophetess
Theoda was a native of the city of Mainz. She established a reputation for mysticism and prophecy and gathered followers who turned away from orthodox Catholicism. The church reacted quickly to end her influence and Theoda was arrested and publicly whipped in the streets. She reacanted her heresy and promised never to tell fortunes again.

Theodegotha (Theudegotha) – (c477 AD – c505)
Visigothic queen
Theodegotha was born in Moesia, the elder daughter of Theodoric I of the Ostrogoths, King of Italy (493 AD – 526), and his first wife Theodora. She was the full-sister to Ostrogotho Areagni, queen of Burgundy and half-sister to Queen Amalasuntha. Her father arranged her marriage (c491 AD) with Alaric II, king of the Visigoths for dynastic reasons. The marriage was recorded by Jordanes in his Getica, by Cassiodorus in his Variae, and by Procopius of Caesarea in his de Bello Gothico.
The marriage was also recorded in the Anonymous Valesianus, though the writer confuses the marriages of the two sisters and their respective husbands. Her husband was killed in battle at Vouille (507), but as the queen is not mentioned in connection with the flight of her son, Amalric (c504 – 531) to Spain after this disaster, Theodegotha is assumed to have died previously.

Theodelinda of Bavaria – (c569 – 628)
Queen consort and regent of Lombardy
Theodelinda was the daughter of Garivald I, King of Bavaria, and his wife Vuldetrude of Lombardy, the widow of the Merovingian rulers, Theodovald of Austrasia, and Clotaire I of Neustria. She married firstly to Authari, King of Lombardy, and secondly (590) to Agilulf of Turin (c552 – 616) who ruled as king. Her second marriage had been organized partly to counter a Franco-Byzantine alliance, which had inflicted severe defeats on Lombardy, and enabled Agilulf to successfully recover the provinces and fiefs that had been lost.
Theodelinda modelled her court at Pavia on Byzantine lines. An ardent Catholic, she was famous for her patronage of the influential monastery of Bobbio, and she corresponded with Gregory the Great, who was grateful for her calming influence over her aggressive husband, and sent her the gift of the famous Iron Crown of Lombardy, the oldest crown surviving to the present time.  
Widowed in 616, Theodelinda ruled Lombardy for her son Aldoald till c620. With his death without male issue (626) her elder daughter Gundeburga and her husband Ariold of Turin ascended the throne of Lombardy. Queen Theodelinda died (Jan 22, 628) aged almost sixty, and was interred in Monza Cathedral, where many valuable relics were recovered in the mid-twentieth century, including her fan and comb of gold, and a golden hen and seven chicks, which represented Lombardy and her seven provinces.

Theodora, Aelia – (c500 – 548) 
Byzantine Augusta (527 – 548)
Theodora was the daughter of Acacius, a Cyprian circus bear-tamer. With her two sisters Comito and Anastasia she became an actress in the Hippodrome. A popular and beautiful dancer and mime artist, she was the mistress of Hecebalus of Tyre, governor of Pentapolis, before she became the mistress of Justinian I (483 AD – 565), who raised her to Imperial rank when he was finally able to marry her (525). With her husband’s accession Theodora was formally proclaimed as Augusta. As her husband’s most trusted counsellor, Theodora wielded enormous influence in the government, leading many contemporaries to believe that it was she that really controlled the direction of government affairs, and was the real ruler in Constantinople.
The historian Gibbon observed that the emperor had, ‘….seated her on the throne as an equal and independent colleague in the sovereignty of the empire, and an oath of allegiance was imposed on the governors of the provinces in the joint names of Justinian and Theodora.’ She assisted with her husband’s building schemes and participated in councils of state, though she always apologized for taking the liberty of doing so. She was consulted on legislation and received foreign amabssadors personally. The empress promoted the religious and social policies that she considered important, and saved the throne by the remarkable courage shown at the crisis of the Nika riots in the capital (532). During this incident Theodora persuaded her husband not to flee the city, but to face the warring Blue and Green factions, who were organizing the massive protests agains the government. Eventually, the reels were forced into the Hippodrome, where they were all executed by Belisarius.
Because of her own experiences in early life, the empress showed a unique devotion to causes concerning justice for women, and brought about legislation to improve their status. Divorce laws were altered, giving daughters the right of inheritance, wives were permitted to keep their dowry as their own personal property, and children were protected from being sold as slaves for debts incurred by their parents. An edict outlawed pimps (535) and brothel-keepers were banished from the cities, while the empress, at her own expense, bought the freedom of girls who had been sold into prostitution, and looked after their welfare. Empress Theodora died of cancer, her only daughter having died in infancy, and was interred in the basilica of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. A famous and striking mosaic portrait of the empress Theodora, surrounded by her courtiers, remains in the church of San Vitale, Ravenna.

Theodora, Flavia Maximiana – (c280 – c326 AD)
Roman Augusta (293 – 306 AD)
Flavia Maxima Theodora was the daughter of the military commander Afranius Hannibalianus and his wife Galeria Aurelia Eutropia, later wife to the Emperor Maximian II Daia. She was the maternal half-sister of Fausta, the wife of Constantine. Theodora became the second wife of emperor Constantine I Chlorus, to whom she bore six children, and was stepmother to Constantine I the Great. Her portrait appeared in the painting of Maximian’s family which was preserved in the palace of Aquileia. She accompanied Constantius to York in Britain, and was with him when he died there (March, 306 AD).
Theodora retired from the court as Empress Dowager, her place taken by Constantine’s mother Helena, who was recalled from obscurity. Theodora was living in 317 AD, and is thought to have taken religious vows as Chrisitan prior to her death, and possibly retired to Toulouse in Gaul. Her death predeated the purge of the Imperial family instigated by her stepson, in which several of her male descendants perished (337 AD) and probably occurred at the command of Constantine at the time of her sister Fausta’s death. Her daughter Constantia became the wife of emperor Licinius, and was Constantine’s favourite sister. Bust portraits of Theodora and Helena appeared together on the Roman coinage on a series of centenionales, dated after 337 AD, the year of the massacre of Theodora’s male descendants which followed the death of Constantine I. These coins were struck at Trier (Treves), Rome, and Constantinople.

Theodora Diogenia – (fl. c510 – c530)
Greek scholar
Theodora Diogenia was the daughter of the patrician Diogenes, and his wife Kyrina. She was a descendant of Sampsigeramus, King of Emesa, of the Roman triumvir Marcus Antonius, and of Monimus, the founder if the city of Chalcis in Cilicia, Asia Minor. Photius recorded in his Bibliotheka that Theodora was a well educated pagan, and had been the pupil of the Neo-Platonist philosopher Damascius, who had dedicated to her his Vita Isidori the biography of Isidorus, the noted philosopher from Alexandria and Athens.

Theodora Dukaina Vatatzina – (1230 – 1304)
Byzantine Augusta (1259 – 1282)
Theodora Dukaina Vatatzina was the niece of the Emperor Johannes III Dukas Vatatzes and his wife Eudocia Angela. Her marriage with the future Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1221 – 1282) had ensured his restoration to Imperial favour at court and she was accorded the Imperial titles and styles when Michael became sole ruler (1259). The couple had seven children. When Michael later tried to divorce her the empress enlisted the support of the powerful Patriarch of Constantinople and Michael was forced to abandon the idea.
During her husband’s reign, she and Michael had considered allying themselves with the kingdom by marrying one of their daughters into that family. The empress insisted that the Byzantine envoys bring her a full and confidential report concerning life at the Serbian court. This report proved derogatory and the empress took the view that no Imperial princess could possibly be subjected to life at such a barbaric court, and the negotiations foundered. Theodora survived Michael for over two decades as Dowager Empress (1282 – 1304). Empress Theodora died (March 4, 1304) aged seventy-three. Her children were,

Theodora Komnena (1) – (1096 – after 1127)
Byzantine Imperial princess
Theodora Komnena was the daughter of Alexius I (1081 – 1118) and his second wife Irene Dukaina. She was married (1116) to Prince Konstantine Angelus (c1090 – after 1166), patrician of Philadelphia in Asia Minor and Admiral of Sicily during the Norman war (1143 – 1154). Theodora was the mother of Johannes Dukas (c1120 – 1200) later a pretender to the Byzantine throne (1199) and of the Emperor Andronikus I Dukas (1122 – 1185). She was the paternal grandmother of the Emperor Isaac II Angelus (c1155 – 1204).

Theodora Komnena (2) – (1132 – 1184)
Byzantine Imperial princess
Theodora Komnena was the third daughter of Prince Andronikos Komnenus (1108 – 1142) and his wife Irene Aineidassa. She was the granddaughter to Emperor Johannes II (1118 – 1143) and niece to Emperor Manuel II (1143 – 1180). Theodora became the second wife (1149) of Henry I Jasmirgott (1112 – 1177), Duke of Austria, and was duchess consort of Austria (1156 – 1177). Theodora attained a certain reputation as a patroness of literature and survived Henry as the Dowager Duchess of Austria (1177 – 1184). Duchess Theodora died (Jan 2, 1184) aged fifty-one. Her children were,

Theodora Komnena (3) – (c1155 – after 1191)
Byzantine Imperial princess
Theodora Komnena was the third and youngest daughter of Prince Johannes Komnenus (1128 – 1176), Duke of Cyprus, and his wife, the unnamed daughter of the patrician Michael Taronites. She was the great-granddaughter of the Emperor Johannes II (1118 – 1143). Her eldest brother Alexius Komnenus was proclaimed emperor in Thessalonika, whilst her elder sister Maria Komnena was the second wife of Amalric II, King of Jerusalem. Princess Theodora was married firstly (1175) to Bohemond III (1144 – 1201), Prince of Antioch, as his second wife. Before they were eventually divorced (1181) the couple produced two children,

Princess Theodora was later remarried to a French Crusader lord, Walter (Gautier) de Bethune, who had received the lordship of Beissan in Palestine. Theodora was living in 1191. She left two daughters from her second marriage,

Theodora Lekapena – (c874 – 922)
Byzantine Augusta (920 – 922)
Theodora Lekapena was the sister of Kalamaria and aunt to Stephen, who ruled the empire as magister (913 – 919), one of the regents for the child emperor Constantine VII. Theodora was married (c891) to Romanus Lekapenus (c870 – 948), who was later proclaimed as co-emperor with Constantine VII as Romanus I (919 – 944). Her uncle Stephen was removed from office, forcibly tonsured as a monk and imprisoned in a monastery on the island of Antigoni, by order of Romanus. Theodora was crowned as Augusta in the Cathedral of St Sophia (Jan 6, 920), whilst her eldest son, Christopher Lekapenus was appointed co-emperor with his father six months later (May 20).
The empress died (Feb 20, 922) aged about fifty. Romanus had been greatly attached to her and never remarried. Theodora was interred within the Abbey of Myrelaeum, where Romanus was later buried beside her. Her daughter Agatha Lekapena was ancestress to the future Emperor Romanus III Argyrus. Her children were,

Theodora Megala Komnena (1) – (c1240 – after 1285)
Byzantine Augusta of Trebizond
Theodora Megala Komnena was the daughter of the Emperor Manuel I Komnenus. She had remained unmarried and was brought to the throne of Trebizond to rule briefly as empress regnant (1284 – 1285). Empress Theodora was deposed, removed from court, and relegated to a convent, where she died.

Theodora Megala Komnena (2) – (c1441 – after 1478)
Byzantine princess
Theodora was the daughter of Johannes IV Komnenus, Emperor of Trebizond and his first wife who was a daughter of Alexander, King of Iberia. Theodora was given in marriage (1458) to Uzun Hasan, Khan of the Aq-Qoyunlu. Their daughter Halima Begum was the mother of the Persian sultan Ismail I (1487 – 1524).

Theodora Myroblitia – (c812 – 891)
Greek nun and saint
Theodora Myroblitia was born at Aigina, the daughter of a church official from a patrician family. She was married to a rich nobleman to whom she bore three children. Arab incusrions forced the family to flee to Thessalonika for greater security. With the death of her husband before she was forty (c849), Theodora took religious vows and became nun at the convent of St Stephen the Protomartyr. She died there four decades later with a great reputation for charity and kindness. Her Vitae was written by the cleric Gregory who interviewed eyewitnesses to her sanctity. Theodora Myroblitia died (Aug 29, 891)

Theodora of Arta – (c1213 – c1270)
Queen of Epirus and saint
Born Theodora Dukaina Petraliphaina, she was the daughter of Johannes Petraliphas. She became the wife (c1230) of Michael II Komnenus Dukas, King of Epirus, and was the mother of his successor, Nikephorus I Dukas Komnenus.
When the queen was pregnant with her son Nikephorus, the king took himself a mistress and banished Queen Theodora from his court of Arta. She remained in exile for five years until the king repented of his behaviour and took Theodora back as his lawful wife. The couple produced five more children.
As queen she possessed some political power, and strongly advised friendly relations between the court of Epirus and the empire of Nikaea, and the Imperial Palaeologi dynasty in Constantinople. Queen Theodora founded the church of St George in Arta, where she took the veil as a nun after King Michael’s death.
The queen was interred there and the church was later called St Theodora’s after her when it was claimed to possess healing powers. Theodora was revered as a saint (March 11) and her Vitae appeared in the thirteenth century work the Chronika tes mesaiionikes kai tourkokratoumenes Epeirou.

Theodora of Greece – (1906 – 1969)
Princess
Princess Theodora was born (May 13, 1906) on the Island of Corfu, the second child of Prince Andrew of Greece, and his wife Alice of Battenberg, the great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria through her daughter Alice, the wife of Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse-Darmstadt. She was the granddaughter of King Georgios I of Greece (1867 – 1913). Her younger brother was Philip of Greece, Duke of Edinburgh (born 1921), became the husband of Queen Elizabeth II of England. She bore the additional title of Princess of Denmark.
Theodora was married (1931) at Castle Neues at Baden-Baden to the German margrave Berthold of Baden (died 1963), to whom she bore three children including Maximilian Andreas (born 1933) who succeeded his father as the hereditary Margrave of Baden. Princess Theodora died (Oct 16, 1969) aged sixty-three, at Budingen, near Konstanz.

Theodora of the Khazars – (c687 – after 705)
Byzantine Augusta
Theodora was sister to the Khan of the Khazars. Her original name remains unknown, and she took the name Theodora after she converted to the Greek Orthodox faith and became the second wife (702) of the Emperor Justinian II (669 – 711). The marriage had taken place whilst Justinian was in exile, but whn he regained his throne, the emperor repudiated Theodora, despite the fact that she had borne him a son and heir, and she returned to her brother’s court. These facts were recorded by the Greek chronicler Theophanes, who styled the empress Chazorum … chagani … Theodoram germanum, sororem suam. Empress Theodora was the mother of Tiberius IV (703 – 711), who ruled jointly with his father and was murdered with him.

Theodora of the Lazi – (fl. c541 – 550)
Romano-eastern consort
Theodora was born into a Roman senatorial family. She was married (c541) to King Opsites of the Lazi tribe. The queen was living amongst the Apsilii people (549 – 550) when she was captured by the Persians under the command of Nabedes, and was carried off to Persia with her household. Her fate was recorded by Procopius in his chronicle de Bello Gothico.

Theodora of Paphlagonia – (812 – 868)
Byzantine Augusta
Theodora was the daughter of Marinus, a military official, from Ebissa in Paphlagonia, and his wife Florina. She became the second wife of the Emperor Theophilus II (829 – 842), of the Amorion dynasty being chosen by Theophilus himself. Their eldest son Konstantine of Amorion died young (c831), and with the early death of Theophilus, the Empress Theodora ruled as regent for their son, Michael III (842 – 867), who was deposed and murdered by the Emperor Basil I. Three of her daughters, Anna, Anastasia and Pulcheria of Amorion, all became nuns.
Empress Theodora was assisted as ruler by her unpopular brother Caesar Bardas. An able military leader she ruled with wisdom and moderation but her brutal persecution of the Paulician sect remains a blot on her record. Her eventual removal from power (856) was due to her refusal to allow her son to assume his place at the head of the government, and in this he was successfully assisted by Bardas. Theodora was forced to remove from court to a convent where she died. Theodora was canonized by the Eastern Church because she restored orthodoxy, but she brought about this change gradually in order to avoid public fear and unrest.

Theodora of Thessalonika    see   Theodora Myroblitia

Theodora Porphyrogennita – (980 – 1056)
Byzantine Augusta (1042) and (1055 – 1056)
Theodora Macedonica was born in Constantinople, the youngest of the three daughters of the Emperor Constantine VIII and his wife Helena Alypina. Her eldest sister Eudocia entered a convent, and with her father’s death (1028) Theodora’s next sister Zoe was installed as empress and married Romanus III. Soon afterwards Theodora was exiled from the court and remained unmarried at the convent of Petrion. When her sister wanted to make her young lover emperor as Michael IV, Theodora is said to have assisted her in removing Romanus. When his successor Michael V made the mistake of exiling Zoe from the capital, the populace forced him to recall her. They being still unsatisified Michael was forced to recall Theodora to court and proclaimed her co-empress with her sister. Later Theodora relegated much of her power to her sister and her last husband, Constantine IX Monomachus.
With Zoe’s death (1050) Theodora ruled with her brother-in-law. Theodora and Constantine attempted to ally the papacy against the Normans but relations between the churches of Rome and Byzantium had deteriorated, and the visit of the papal legate resulted in a schism (1054). With Constantine’s death Theodora was proclaimed sole ruler, and though elderly, took her role seriously, appointing her own officers andsuperintending the administration of Imperial affairs, but her reign was a short one. Of her personality the historian Psellus recorded in his Chronographia that “… she did not readily show her inmost thoughts, but one she had embarked upon a conversation she would chatter away with an expert and lively tongue. There was nothing stern in her glance ; on the contrary she was cheerful and smiling, eager to find any opportunity for talk,” whilst Procopius recorded that, “ … her later years gave no cause for censure and her conduct as empress was dignified, shrewd, courageous, and humane.” Empress Theodora died in Constantinople (Aug 31, 1056) aged seventy-six, the last of the Macedonian Dynasty, appointing Michael VI on her deathbed, at the advice of her councillors.

Theodora ‘the Senatrix’ – (c870 – 928)
Italian political figure
Theodora was wife of the Roman patrician Theophylactus, and mother of the infamous Marozia and the younger Theodora. Senator Theophylact was the titular head of the family, but the power and later the notoriety of their family, were due to the influence of Theodora and her daughters. Wealthy and beautiful, their political and amorous intrigues affected Roman politics and the papacy for three decades, and Bishop Liudprand of Cremona in his history referred to her as a ‘shameless strumpet,’ and revealed that she enjoyed almost royal power in Rome which she exercised ‘like a man.’
Theodora gave her elder daughter Marozia to Pope Sergius as his mistress, whose election she and her husband had supported. By the time of his death (911) Theodora completely controlled the city. His two papal successors Anastasius III (911 – 913) and Lando (913 – 914) were both Theodora’s nominees, and then she successfully nominated her own lover Giovanni, Bishop of Ravenna, who became Pope John X.  Theodora survived the downfall of her son-in-law Alberic of Camerino (924), but retired from the papal court and her daughter Marozia rose to political prominence in her place. Some sources accuse Marozia of her mother’s murder. The baneful influence of Theodora and her daughters is thought to have suggested to the Later Middle Ages the fable of the female Pope Joan.

Theodoropoulou, Avra – (1880 – 1963)
Greek feminist and musician
Avra Theodoropoulou was a professional concert pianist and later worked as a music teacher. She held her own intellectual salon in Athens and founded the School for Working Women (1911) and the League of Women’s Rights (1920) of which organization she was president for over three decades. Avra was married to the poet and writer, Agis Theros, and also founded the Papastrasteio School of Crafts.

Theodosia – (fl. c590 – 594)
Italian letter writer
Theodosia was the wife of Stephanus, a Sicilian landowner, whose estates she inherited at his death (593). Theodosia is known from two surviving letters of Pope Gregory I, both dated (Sept, 593), and addressed to Januarius, Bishop of Cagliari concerning religious bequests in her late husband’s will, and the pope referred to her as honesta femina. These letters were preserved in Gregory’s Epistolarum Registrum. Gregory also wrote to Felix, Bishop of Portus and abbot Cyriacus (594), intructing both of them to assist Theodosia with problems concerning the construction of the monastery specified in her husband’s will, and for which she appears to have been somewhat lax in implementing. The pope also requested that his official Sabinus make arrangements for Theodosia and a friend of hers named Pompeiana to make a journey to Rome, but it remains unknown whether this projected trip ever took place.

Theodosia of Armenia – (c795 – after 824)
Byzantine Augusta (813 – 820)
Theodosia was daughter of the Armenian prince Arsaberes and became the second wife of the Emperor Leo V the Armenian (813 – 820). With her husband’s death at the hands of Michael II of Amorion (820), the empress was exiled, along with her mother-in-law and children, to the island of Prote. She and her son Basileus received a letter there from Theodore the Studite. They were permitted servants and other attendants, and retained a semblance of their former Imperial status. They were also permitted to retain some family finances and estates in order to upkeep themselves and their household. Her eldest son Symbatius (814 – 847) had ruled jointly with his father as emperor Konstantine (814 – 820). He died a monk at Prote. Her youngest son Theodosius (820 – 821) died as an infant during the process of castration.

Theodosia of Caesarea – (d. c305 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Theodosia was of patrician rank and was put to death at Caesarea with severl other noble ladies who refused to abjure the Christian faith and made the required pagan sacrifices, during the persecution instigated by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. Her son Prokopius was revered as a saint. The Greek Church honoured Theodosia as a saint (July 8) and she was also honoured in the Ethiopian hagiography (June 30). She was also listed in the Acta Sanctorum.

Theodote (1) – (c420 – c470 AD)
Greek literary figure
Theodote was sister to Aegyptus and became the mother of the Neo-Platonist philosopher Isidorus of Alexandria (c450 AD – 526).

Theodote (2) (Theodota) – (c775 – after 805)
Byzantine Augusta
Theodote was of patrician parentage, and served at the Imperial court in Constantinople as lady-in-waiting to the empress, Maria of Amnia, wife of Constantine V Kopronymous (770 – 804), the son of the empress regent Irene. With the assistance of the Empress Irene, who desired a male heir to replace her troublesome son, Theodota replaced her Imperial mistress in the emperor’s affections. The empress and her daughters were exiled from court to a convent, and Theodote was crowned as Augusta. Their only son Leo died young, and empress Theodote later shred her husband’s captivity when he was deposed and blinded by order of his mother. With his eventual death, the empress turned their home into a convent and lived there as a nun until her death.

Theodrada – (c778 – after 814)
Carolingian noblewoman
Theodrada was the daughter of Count Bernard of Austrasia and his second wife Gundelenda, the daughter of Liutfrid, Duke of Alsace. She was the half-sister to Adalhard and full sister to Walo both abbots of Corbie, the relationship being recorded in the De Sancto Ratberto Abbate Corbiensis. Her sisters Rothaide and Gundrada were the successive wives of Pepin I, king of Italy. Her father was the illegitimate son of Charles Martel and the half-brother of King Pepin III (751 – 768).
Theodrada was married (c790) to Theodoric, duke of the Riprarian Franks, who had died sometime prior to 814, when the duchess was the abbess of the convent of Sainte Marie at Soissons. She gained a reputation for religious sanctity and piety and was venerated as a saint. Theodrada left two daughters, Imma, who became a nun at Sainte Marie and succeeded her as abbess, and Ida (died after 838), popularly known as St Ida of Hertzfeld. Ida was married to Count Eckbert of the Ittergau in Saxony, and became the paternal great-grandmother of Mathilda of Westphalia the wife of German emperor Henry I the Fowler (912 – 936).

Theoktiste – (c548 – 602)
Byzantine Imperial princess
Princess Theoktiste was the daughter of Paulus (died 593), a native of Arabissus in Cappodocia, and sister to the Emperor Maurice (582 – 602). Theoktiste was a widow at the time of her brother’s accession, though the identity of her husband remains unknown. She is attested with the rank of patricia after 590 when she was at the court in attendance upon her sister-n-law the Empress Constantina, and was involved with the upbringing and education of the Imperial children. Maurice granted Theoktiste vast estates, including the huge palace built by Petrus Barysmes, praetorian prefect of Constninople (555 – 562) during the reign of Justinian I.
Theoktista received three letters from Pope Gregory I, all of which were preserved in his Epistolarum Registrum, and in which she is styled Theoctisti sorori imperatoris. Together with a gentleman of the court named Andreas, the princess sent thirty pounds of gold to Italy, in order to ransom captives of the Lombards. In gratitude the pope sent Theoktiste a golden key of St Peter (597). Theoktiste was mentioned in several historical chronicles including the Historia Ecclesiastica of Nikephorus Kallistus and the Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius.with the downfall of her brother and his dynasty (602), Theoktiste and her sister Gordia, the widow of Philippikus, were put to death by order of the usurper emperor Phokas.

Theophania of Lorraine (Theophano) – (c1009 – 1056)
German nun
Theophania was the fifth daughter of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lorraine and his wife Matilda of Saxony, the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Otto II (973 – 983) and his Greek wife Theophano Skleraina, after whom she was named. Theophania was the niece of the Emperor Otto III (983 – 1002) and was sister to Archbishop Hermann of Cologne (Koln). She became a nun like many of her sisters, and was appointed as abbess of Essen and of Gerresheim. She also served as provost of the abbey of Bellinghausen. Theophania died (March 5, 1056) aged in her mid-forties.

Theophano Mamaina – (c920 – after 945)
Byzantine Augusta (940 – 945)
Theophano was a member of the aristocratic and influential Mamas family. She became the second wife (940) of the Emperor Constantine VIII Lekapenus (c915 – 946), who ruled as co-emperor (924 – 945) with his father Romanus I and with Constantine VII. She was granted the rank of Augusta at her marriage and produced a son Romanus Lekapenus. She lost her Imperial title and styles when her husband was deposed and forced to become a monk (945). Empress Theophano was then forced into a convent whilst her young son Romanus was castrated in order to make him ineligible for the Imperial throne, though he was granted the titles of patrician and prefect. Her husband was later killed (946) whilst attempting to escape from his imprisonment.

Theophano Skleraina – (956 – 991)
Holy Roman empress (973 – 983)
Theophano Skleraina was the daughter of Prince Konstantin Skleros and his wife Sophia Phokaina, and was related to the Emperor Johannes I Tzimisces. Her marriage (972) with Otto II (955 – 983) in Rome was seen as a symbol of the union of the Eastern and Western empires. Her dower consisted of large properties in Italy and Germany, plus the convents of Nivelles, Herford and Nordhausen. The document which recorded these gifts was written in gold letters on purple parchment.
Theophano bore Otto five children, including the emperor Otto III (980 – 1002). The empress took an active role in politics, and with her mother-in-law Adelaide of Burgundy she secured the throne for Otto on his father’s death (983), and ruled as co-regent with Adelaide from (983 – 991). She dealt successfully with enemies at home and abroad during Otto’s minority, including Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria, who had actually abducted the child emperor, but was forced to hand him over to his family (984) and Boleslav II of Bohemia, and she secured the important province of Lotharingia (Lorraine) for the empire. Her influence was visible in many of her son’s later policies, especially his ambitions for the empire. The empress held a diet at Quedlinburg (Easter, 991), but whilst travelling in the interests of the imperial government she died suddenly (June 15, 991) at Nijmegen aged only thirty-five, and was interred in the Abbey of St Pantaleone in Cologne, which had been founded her by late husband’s uncle Bruno, Archbishop of Cologne. Her two elder daughters, Sophia and Adelaide of Saxony, became important abbesses at Gandersheim and Quedlinburg.

Theosebeia – (fl. c400 – c450 AD)
Greek alchemist and writer
Theosebeia was possibly active in the early fifth century. She wrote verses concerning the death of the physician Ablabius, which have been preserved in the Anthologia Graecina.

Theotrada of Neustria – (785 – before 853)
Carolingian princess
Theotrada was the elder daughter of the emperor Charlemagne and his fourth wife Fastrada, the daughter of Radulf, Count of eastern Thuringia. Like her sisters she received an excellent education and her studies were supervised by the learned Alcuin. Under the tutelage of her stepmother, Queen Luitgarde, her education was extended to the arts. The chronicler Einhard saw the princess at a hunt at the royal palace of Aachen when she was fifteen (800) and described her as ‘no less lovely than her older sisters. About her mild face, her hair is of a brightness greater than gold. Rare emeralds adorn her lovely neck.’
Theotrada remained resident in her father’s household until his death (814) after which she became a nun at the abbey of Argenteuil, at the behest of her half-brother, the emperor Louis I. Theotrada later became abbess of that house. Theotrada was still living (Jan 9, 844), but had died prior to 853.

Theoxana – (fl. c320 – c300 BC)
Greek queen consort
Theoxana was the daughter of Ptolemy I Soter, King of Egypt. She was born before her father recived the royal titles and her mother was most probably his mistress the famous courtesan Thais. About the time her father became king (c305 BC) Theoxana was given in a dynastic marriage with Agathokles I (361 – 289 BC), King of Syrakuse, as his second wife. Queen Theoxana was the mother of the long-lived King Hiero II of Syrakuse (c304 – 215 BC)

Therbusch, Anna    see    Lisziewska, Anna Dorothea

Therese of Lisieux – (1873 – 1897) 
French nun and saint
Born Marie Francoise Therese Martin at Alencon, she was the daughter of Louis Martin, a watchmaker, and his wife Azelie-Marie. Four of her sisters also became nuns. She joined the Carmelite order at Lisieux in Normandy (1888) and wrote an account of her childhood (1895), to which she added an account of her later life, which was published posthumously as Histoire d’une ame (The Story of a Soul). She died of tuberculosis at Lisieux, aged only twenty-four. Her autobiography was translated into many languages and became extremely popular. Miracles and intercessions through prayer were attributed to her, and Therese was canonized by Pope Pius XI (1925). Her feast was observed annually (Oct 1) and her autobiography was later republished in unedited form in 1952.

Therese of Modena – (1817 – 1886)
Titular queen consort of France
The Archduchess Maria Theresa Beatrice Gaetana of Austria-Este was born (July 14, 1817) at Modena, the elder daughter of Francesco IV d’Este, Duke of Modena (1806 – 1846) and Archduke of Austria, and his wife Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy, the heiress general of the Royal House of Stuart, the daughter of Vittorio Emanuele I of Savoy, King of Sardinia. She bore the additional titles of Princess of Hungary and Bohemia and Princess of Modena.
The archduchess was married by proxy (Nov 11, 1846) at Modena to Prince Henri de Bourbon-Orleans (1820 – 1883), Duc de Chambord, styled as Henry V, King of France (1830 – 1883) by the royalists. The marriage remained childless. Queen Therese lived in exile and sometimes used the titles of Duchesse de Bordeaux and Comtesse de Chambord. She survived her husband and was the last French queen dowager (1883 – 1886). She died (March 25, 1886) aged sixty-eight, at Goritz.

Therese Charlotte Louisa Frederica Amalia – (1792 – 1854)
Queen consort of Bavaria (1825 – 1854)
Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen was born (July 8, 1792) at Hildburghausen in Saxony, the fourth daughter of Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and his wife Charlotte Georgina, daughter of Karl II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Widely read and well educated, Princess Therese was proficient in several languages, was a pianist of professional skill, and an accomplished still-life painter. The French emperor Napoleon pronounced her to be the most beautiful and accomplished princess in Europe. She was married in Munich (1810) to Crown Prince Ludwig (1786 – 1868), son and heir of King Maximilian. With the old king’s death (1825) her husband became King Ludwig I. The couple had a large family of nine children.
Queen Therese and her husband remained together amicably until the birth of her last child Prince Adalbert (1828) despite his many infidelities. Herself liberal in her political views, when Ludwig’s policies became increasingly repressive, the couple became to drift apart. However, his attachment to the adventuress Lola Montez, which began in the last decade of her life (1846), caused her much public humiliation and embarrassment, as the affair became the talk of all the European courts. The affiar caused so much public discontent that the Bavarian prime minister, Karl von Abel, begged Queen Therese to use her influence with the king to have Lola removed from the court. However, the king remained infatuated and refused to accede to the queen’s request, eventually forcing her into the indignity of having to formally receive Lola at the court in Munich, after he created her countess von Landsberg (Feb 3, 1848). It was only several weeks after this, that Ludwig I was forced to abdicate (March 21, 1848) in favour of their son, Maximilian II (1848 – 1864) and left Bavaria for exile.
Queen Therese did not accompany her husband and remained resident in Munich. When he returned from exile and was permitted to reside as a country gentleman (1849), the queen was formally reconciled with him. When she died (Oct 26, 1854) in Munich, Ludwig was genuinely stricken with grief. Her children included King Maximilian II, Otto (1815 – 1867), who was elected king of Greece as Otto I, Prince Luitpold (1821 – 1921) who ruled Bavaria as regent for his insane nephews, Ludwig II and Otto I. Her youngest daughter Alexandra died insane.

Therese Charlotte Marianne Augusta – (1850 – 1925)
Princess of Bavaria
Princess Therese was born (Nov 12, 1850) in Munich, the daughter of Prince Luitpold, the Prince Regent of Bavaria (1886 – 1912) and his wife the Archduchess Augusta of Austria-Tuscany, the daughter of Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. She never married and survived the fall of the monarchy (1918). Princess Therese died (Sept 19, 1925) aged seventy-four.

Therese Felicite de Bourbon – (1736 – 1744)
Princess of France
Princess Therese Felicite was born (May 16, 1736) at Versailles, near Paris, the seventh daughter of Louis XV (1715 – 1774) and his wife Marie, the daughter of Stanislas I Leszcsynski, King of Poland. She was known as Madame Sixieme from birth and was said to bear a strong resemblance to her Polish grandfather. Together with her elder sisters Victoire, Sophie, and Louise, Therese Felicite was sent from the court (1739) to be educated at the abbey of St Marie at Fontevrault, under the supervision of their governess, the Marquise de La Lande. The princess fell in September, 1744, and she died (Sept 28, 1744) aged only eight, at Fontevrault, before her distraught mother could reach her bedside. She was interred in the sepulchre of the Plantagenet kings at Fontevrault Abbey.

Therese Kunigunde Sobieska – (1676 – 1730)
Electress consort of Bavaria (1695 – 1726)
Princess Therese Sobieska was born (March 4, 1676) the daughter of John III Sobieski, King of Poland, and his French wife Marie Louise Casimire de La Grange d’Arquien. Attractive and vivacious in nature, with a fine figure, she excelled as a dancer, but abhorred the French in all things, having a very bad relationship with her mother, Queen Marie Louise. Therese was married (1695) to Maximilian II Emanuel (1662 – 1726), elector of Bavaria, as his second wife, and bore him ten children. She survived her husband as Electress Dowager of Bavaria (1726 – 1730).
Electress Therese died (March 10, 1730) aged fifty-four. Her six surviving children were,

Therese Marie Grimaldi – (1646 – 1723)
Princess of Monaco
Therese was the daughter of Hercule Grimaldi, hereditary prince of Monaco (1623 – 1651) and his wife Ippolita Trivulzio. She was sister to the sovereign prince Louis I Grimaldi (1642 – 1701), and was descended from the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259 – 1282). Princess Therese was married (1671) to the Italian peer, Sigismondo d’Este, Marchese di San Martino (1647 – 1732). Their children included Matida d’Este di San Martino (1675 – 1743) who was married (1695) to Camillo II di Gonzaga, Conte di Novellara (1649 – 1727). Therese’s great-granddaughter, Maria Teresa Cybo di Massa (1721 – 1790), was married (1741) to Ercole d’Este (1727 – 1823), Duke of Modena.

Therese Mathilde Amalie – (1773 – 1839)
German princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Therese was born (April 5, 1773) the daughter of Karl II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1806 – 1816) and his fist wife Frederica of Hesse-Darmstadt, and was the paternal niece of Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, King of Great Britain (1760 – 1820). Princess Theresa was married (1789) to Prince Karl von Thurn und Taxis (died 1827), but left five illegitimate children, the result of her long-standing romantic liasion with Maximilein Emanuel, Count von und zu Lerchenfeld (died 1809), including George Adolf, count von Stockau (1806 – 1865) who left descendants. Princess Therese died (Feb 12, 1839) aged sixty-five.

Thermantia, Aelia Materna – (392 – 415 AD)
Roman Augusta (408 AD)
Aelia Materna Thermantia was the younger daughter of Stilicho the Vandal the famous military commander and his wife Princess Serena, the niece and adopted daughter of the Emperor Theodosius I (379 – 395 AD). Thermantia became the second wife (408 AD) of her cousin the Emperor Honorius (384 – 423 AD), the childless widower of her elder sister Maria. There remains no record of a protest by the Bishop of Rome to this uncanonical marriage but Serena rather dubiously stated that Maria had died a virgin in an effort to prevent any religious opposition to this second dynastic union. Thermantia was then accorded the rank of Augusta.
With the downfall of her father in August of the same year, the emperor repudiated Thermantia and sent her from the court, back to her mother’s household. Serena was put to death by order of the senate not long afterwards, but the former empress was permitted to reside in Constantinople, where she died (before July 30, 415 AD) aged only in her early twenties, her death being announced by public proclamation. Thermantia was interred within the Imperial mausoleum near the basilica of St Peter.
Empress Thermantia’s name appeared on a papal bulla found in the sarcophagus of her sister Maria in rome (1544) which bore two inscriptions, one of which read Stelicho, Serena, Thermantia, Eucheri, vivatis!, and was mentioned in the Chronicon Paschale. The historian Orosius repeated the ridiculous story that Thermantia’s marriage remained unconsummated simply because she bore no children.

Thessalonike – (351 – 297 BC)
Macedonian queen
Thessalonike was the daughter of King Philip II and his concubine, Nikespolis of Pherae, and half-sister to Alexander the Great. Her marriage ro King Kassander (315 BC) was considered by the historian Diodorus to have been a forced union. Thessalonike had remained unmarried and attached to the household of her stepmother, Queen Olympias. After that lady’s death at Pydna (316 BC) she came into the hands of Kassander, son of the former regent Antipater. He was eventually proclaimed king, his marriage with Thessalonike helping to make his assumption of the crown acceptable to the people.
With Kassander’s death (March, 297 BC), her eldest son Philip IV ascended the throne. However, he died a few months later, leaving the queen mother as regent for his younger brothers, Antipater I and Alexander V. Thessalonike planed to divide the kingdom between her sons, but the elder, Antipater, dissatisfied with this arrangement, murdered her and sought to deprive Alexander of his inheritance. Both of her sons were later executed by Demetrius I (294 BC).

Theste – (c415 – c340 BC)
Syrakusan princess
Theste was the daughter of Hermokritus and sister to Dionysius I (431 – 367 BC), King of Syrakuse. She was married to Polyxenus who was later forced to flee the country from her brother’s wrath (c390 BC). The historian Plutarch recorded that when Dionysius upbraided his sister for her supposed privity to her husband’s escape, she rebuked him by saying that if she had known she would have accompanied her husband into exile. The king admired her honesty as did the Syrakusan people. With the eventual fall of the monarchy Princess Theste retained all her former royal honours, and at her death the citizens attended her funeral.

Theuda    see   Toda Aznarez

Theuderada of Austrasia – (c665 – before 712)
Lombard princess
Theuderada was the daughter of Pepin II of Heristal, Carolingian duke of Austrasia, and a concubine. She was married (c685) to the Lombard prince Ansprand, who ruled Lombardy as king briefly before his death (712). Theuderada had died before her husband achieved the throne, but was the mother of King Liutprand (712 – 744) and of Princess Ratperga who became the wife of Duke Pemmo of Friuli (died 737).

Theuderada of Friuli – (c645 – after 690)
Duchess consort of Benevento (671 – 687)
Theuderada was the daughter of Lupus, duke of Friuli, and was married (664) to Romuald I (c630 – 687), duke of Benevento, whom she survived. The historian Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diakonus) recorded in his Historia Gentis Langobardorum that Theuderada and her husband jointly established the basilica dedicated to the Apostle Peter in Benevento. Her name is recorded in the Cronica de Monasterio Sanctissimi Benedicti.
Romuald had married her after his father, who had rebelled against King Grimoald of Lombardy, was killed in battle. With Romuald’s death (687) Duchess Theuderada ruled Benevento as regent (687 – 690) during the minority of her elder son, Grimoald II. Her younger son ruled as Duke Gisulf I (690 – 706) whilst her younger Arichis, was perhaps the ancestor of Duke Arichis II (758 – 787).

Theudesinde (Theodesindis) – (fl. 711 – 714)
Frisian princess
Theudesinde was the daughter of King Radbod (died 719). She was given in marriage (711) to Grimoald (678 – 714), the eldest legitimate son of the Carolingian duke of Austrasia, Pepin II of Heristal. Gunther, Archbishop of Cologne (Koln) (850 – 864) and Ratbod, Bishop of Utrecht (901 – 917) were the descendants of an unnamed brother of Theudesinde.
The chronicler Fredegar recorded Theudesinde’s marriage, as did Sigebert’s Vita Landiberto episcopi Traiectensis. The Chronicon Moissiacense named her as Thudsindam filiam Radbodi ducis, and the Annales Metenses called her filiam Radbodi ducis Frisinum.  Her husband was murdered at Liege (714), whilst his infant son, her stepson Theodoald, was deprived of his patrimony by his uncle Karl Martel. Theudesinde’s fate remains unrecorded.

Theudichilde – (c545 – c570)
Merovingian queen
Theudichilde was shepherdess of the royal estates prior to becoming the fourth and last wife (566) of Charibert I, King of Paris (534 – 567). Her stepdaughter Bertha was the wife of Aethelbert, the Anglo-Saxon ruler of Kent. Her marriage remained childless, and with Charibert’s death, his brother Guntram of Burgundy tricked Theudichilde into handing over her late husband’s treasure. He then caused her to be imprisoned within the Abbey of St Cesaria, at Arles, Provence, where she was forced to become a nun. The queen attempted to escape, but was caught and punished by the abbess. Theudichilde died not long afterwards.

Theudichilde of Austrasia (Techild) – (c515 – c590)
Merovingian queen, she was the daughter of Theuderic I, King of Austrasia by his wife Suavegotta of Burgundy, and was the granddaughter of Clovis I and Queen Clotilda. Flodoard recorded her parentage in his, Historia Ecclensia Remensis. Theudichilde was given in marriage by her father (c531) to Hermegisculus, king of the Varnii, but their marriage remained childless.
On his deathbed her husband arranged for Theudichilde to remarry to his successor, her stepson King Radigis. Radigis later divorced her in favour of another bride, and sent her back to Gaul. Procopius records these facts in his de Bello Gothico, though he does not name her.
Theudichilde became a nun at the abbey of St Pierre le Vif at Sens, and founded several churches. The poet Venantius Fortunatus composed the epitaphium Theudichildse reginae and de Theudichilde regina, a poem in her praise both works being preserved in his Carmina. Queen Theudichilde died aged seventy-five. She was venerated as a saint (June 28) her feast being recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Theutberga of Metz – (c840 – 875)
Carolingian queen consort of Lorraine (855 – 869)
Theutberga was the daughter of Boso, Count of Metz, and sister to Hucbert, the lay abbot of St Maurice, being members of the royal house of Burgundy. Theutberga was married (855) to Lothair II (835 – 869), King of Lorraine, the third son of the emperor Lothair I. The marriage remained childless and Lothair tried to have the union annulled (857) so that he could marry his mistress, Waldrada of Nordgau, who had borne him a son Hugh, whom he wanted to legitimate. Ridiculous and odious accusations were made against the queen by her husband, who accused her of committing incest with her brother Hucbert prior to her marriage. It was maintained that Theutberga became pregnant and then aborted the infant. Queen Theutberga continually denied these accusations and at a public trial, her champion prevailed in the ordeal of boiling water, and the king was forced to take her back.
The situation did not improve and, fearing for her life, the queen appealed to Pope Nicholas I saying that she would be forced to declare herself guilty. Soon afterwards at a rigged synod of bishops which included Gunther of Cologne, Theutgaud of Trier, and Adventius of Metz (860), she was forced to plead guilty and sign a false confession, after which she entered a convent.
Eventually Queen Theutberga fled to the court of the emperor Charles II the Bald who granted her protection (863), whilst the pope continued to work on her behalf. King Lothair was finally compelled to restore her as his wife and queen (Aug, 865), but ignored her. The queen eventually wrote to Pope Nicholas offerring to ‘confess,’ probably worn out with the struggle, but he exhorted her to withstand the plots of her enemies. She remained queen until Lothair’s death (869) after which she retired from the court and became abbess of St Clodesinde at Metz. Queen Theutberga died (Nov, 875) aged abourt thirty-five.

Thianges, Gabrielle de Rochechouart, Marquise de – (1634 – 1693)
French courtier
Gabrielle de Rochechouart was born at the Chateau de Lussac, the eldest daughter of Gabriel de Rochechiuart, Duc de Mortemart, and his wife Diane de Grandseigne. Educated at the convent of Sainte Marie, at Saintes in Saintonge, she was married (1655) to Claude Leonor de Damas, Marquis de Thianges, to whom she bore two daughters. An elegant and witty conversationalist, Madame de Thianges was extremely proud of her ancestry, and used to tease Louis XIV concerning the inferiority of the Bourbon lineage.
A famous beauty, the poet La Fontaine praised her extravagantly, and the Duc de Saint-Simon referred to the famous ‘Mortemart wit’ which was peculiar to the marquise and her sister Madame de Montespan, the mistress of Louis XIV. Madame de Thianges, unlike her unfortunate sister, never lost the royal favour despite some vague involvement in the Affair of the Poisons (1679 – 1680), and was granted a generous pension by the king, along with apartments in the palaces of Versailles, Fontainebleau and St Cloud. Of her daughters, the elder Diane Gabrielle de Damas de Thianges (1656 – 1715) became the wife of Philip Jules Mancini (1641 – 1707), Duc de Nevers, the nephew of Cardinal Mazarin, whilst the younger Louise Adelaide de Damas de Thianges (1657 – after 1723) became the wife of the Italian duke of Sforza. Madame de Thianges died at Versailles.

Thiathilda – (c795 – 863)
Carolingian abbess
Thiathilda was a relative, possibly the aunt, of Bego II Adalhard, count of Paris. She never married and ruled for forty-five years until her death as abbess of Remriemont in Lorraine (c818 – 863). It is recorded that the abbess pleaded for Adalhard’s protection for her abbey (as her kinsman). Also, the Empress Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, was proprietress of Remriemont, and Thiathilda had requested the empress not to alienate any further manors from the use and benefit or the abbey.

Thicknesse, Ann    see    Ford, Ann

Thiern-Montpensier, Agnes de – (c1130 – c1180)
French heiress
Agnes de Thiern was the daughter of Guy IV, Seigneur de Thiern and Montpensier. She was married firstly (1140) to Prince Raymond of Burgundy (c1111 – 1156), younger brother to Duke Eudes II. They had two children, a son who died in infancy and a daughter and heiress, Matilda of Burgundy, who was married four times, lastly to Robert II, Comte de Dreux, who divorced her. Agnes inherited the fiefs of Montpensier and Auvergne from her father, and remarried (c1157) to Humbert de Beaujeu, to whom she bore three children including, Guichard IV (c1158 – 1216), seigneur de Beaujeu, who inherited Montpensier from her, and Alice de Beaujeau (died after 1216), who became the wife of Rainald III, count of Nevers and Tonnerre (died 1191), and was then abbess of St Marie at Fontevrault in Maine before her death.

Thimig, Helene – (1889 – 1974)
Austrial stage and film actress
Helene Thimig became the wife of the famous director Max Reinhardt (1873 – 1943). Her movie credits included The Hitler Gang (1944), Hotel Berlin (1945), High Conquest (1947) and Decision before Dawn (1951).

Thirkell, Angela Margaret – (1890 – 1961) 
British novelist
Born Angela Mackail (Jan 30, 1890) in London, she was the daughter of the Scottish classical scholar John William Mackail, and was literarily and artistically well connected, being the granddaughter of the Pre-Raphaelite painter Sir Edwin Burne-Jones (1833 – 1898), and was cousin to the writer Rudyard Kipling (1865 – 1936). Her first marriage ended in divorce, and Angela’s second husband was with an Australian, George Thirkell.
Angela resided with Thirkell for almost a decade (1920 – 1929) in Australia before returning to London when this marriage failed. From then she resided with her parents in Kensington. Her published works included over thirty novels such as Coronation Summer (1937) and Growing Up (1943) which were set in the fictional county of ‘Barsetshire’ and dealt with the careers of the descendants of characters from the famous Barsetshire series of novels (1855 – 1867) written by Anthony Trollope (1815 – 1882). Angela Thirkell died (Jan 29, 1961) aged seventy, in London.

Thoc-me-tony     see    Winnemucca, Sarah

Thomas, Annie – (c1839 – 1918)
British novelist
Thomas was born at Aldborough, Suffolk, the daughter of a naval officer, and was married to a clergyman, Reverend Pender Cudlip. Thomas was the author of over one hundred novels, as well as articles for newspapers and magazines. Her published works included Sir Victor’s Choice (1862), Comrades True (1900), The Diva (1901), Social Ghosts (1903) and Penholders of the Past (1918). Annie Thomas died (Nov 24, 1918).

Thomas, Bronwyn Jean Dorothy – (1923 – 2000)
Australian artist and exhibition director
Born Bronwyn Tricks in Melbourne, Victoria, and studied drawing at the National Gallery Art School. After her marriage she removed to Brisbane, where she taught art at the Queensland University, and founded the Queensland Contemporary Art Society. Her second husband, Laurie Thomas, was director of the Queensland Art Gallery (1961 – 1967). Widowed in 1974, Bronwyn devoted herself to her interest in photography, becoming the inaugral secretary of the Seymour Group, which music-making process she photographically documented herself. Having visited China twice, in 1989 she went to Beijing to teach English, and assisted with displays at the Chinese Museum of History. She was appointed executive director of the Australian Arts Exhibition Corporation (1977) to organize the El Dorado Colombian Gold exhibition.

Thomas, Carey – (1857 – 1935)
American feminist and educator
Martha Carey Thomas was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of a Quaker physician. She was educated by governesses at home and later attended Cornell University, but was only permitted to study at John Hopkins University if she was concealed behind a screen. Thomas travelled to Switzerland (1882) where she studied in Zurich, and after her return to the USA, she was co-founder with Mary Garrett, of Bryn Mawr College for girls in Philadelphia (1885) being appointed as the first dean. A strong supporter of the campaign for female suffrage, Thomas was elected (1908) as the first president of the National College Women’s Equal Suffrage League. She was author of The Higher Education of Women (1900).

Thomas, Elizabeth Frances    see   Amherst, Elizabeth Frances

Thomas, Linda Lee – (1883 – 1954)
American socialite and music theatre partner
Linda Belle Lee became noted for her beauty, especially after her first marriage (1901) at Newport in Thode Island with Edward R. Thomas, from a prominent newspaper family. They became prominent figures with Newport and Manhattan society though the marriage proved unsuccessful. They were later divorced (1912).
Linda Thomas then became the wife (1919) of the famous songwriter Cole Porter (1891 – 1964) whom she had met at a society function the previous year.
The marriage was one of affection but also of convenience for both parties, as Linda was well aware of her husband’s homosexual proclivities. Linda herself was the friend of such prominent female figures as Elsie de Wolfe and Elisabeth Marbury. Their union was a stormy one but the couple remained together. The musical Night and Day (1946) written by Porter was said to have been a portrait (overly romanticized) of the couple’s married life. Linda Thomas died (May 20, 1954) at the Waldorf Towers in New York, left a fortune of one and half million dollars in which Porter retained a lifetime interest.

Thomas, Mabel Randall – (1917 – 1992)
American social leader and organizational director
Thomas was born in Montgomery, Alabama and attended the University of Alabama. During WW II she worked with the Red Cross, before resuming studies at Columbia University, where she trained as a sical worker. Thomas became the executive director of the ‘Big Sisters’ program, a position she held for a quarter of a century (1925 – 1977) until her retirement, which assisted troubled young people. She received awards from the Community Trust and the City Bar Association of New York. Mabel Thomas died (July 14, 1992) aged seventy-five, in Manhattan, New York.

Thomas, Margaret – (1843 – 1929)
Anglo-Australian traveller, writer, poet and painter
Thomas was born at Croydon, in Surrey, the daughter of a shipowner. She was brought to Australia by her parents as a child (1852) and studied under the noted sculptor, Charles Summers in Melbourne, Victoria. Thomas exhibited her first medallion portrait at the Victorian Society of Fine Arts (1857) and exhibited a second with the Royal Academy in London (1868), where most of her portraits were also exhibited.
Margaret wrote a memoir of Charles Summers entitled A Hero of the Workshop (1880) and produced a bust of him for the town hall in Taunton. Her published works included the travel books A Scamper Through Spain (1892) and Two Years in Palestine and Syria (1899) for which she produced the illustrations. Her collections of verse were published as A Painter’s Pastime (1908) and Friendship, Poems in Memoriam (1927). Her medallion portrait of Sir Redmond Barry is preserved in the collection of the State Library of Victoria in Melbourne. Margaret Thomas died (Dec 24, 1929) aged eighty-six.

Thomas, Margaret Haig    see    Rhondda, Margaret Haig Thomas, Lady

Thomas, Marjorie Gwendolen – (1923 – 2008)
British oratorio and concert singer
Thomas was born (June 5, 1923) at Sunderland, the daughter of a Welsh tenor and a Scottish pianist. She was raised at Oldham in Lancashire, before attending the Royal Manchester College of Music to study piano, and singing under Elsie Thurston. She later taught music at a convent school in Stockport. Thomas was especially popular during the post WW II period in Britain, as one of the most prominent and popular performers of oratorio. Thomas was also well known for her appearances at the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts, at the Royal Opera House, and with the Three Choir Festivals. She was best remembered for her performances in Handel’s Messiah, and was the first to sing the role of Dryade in Ariadne auf Naxos at Glyndebourne and the Edinburgh Festival.
Thomas sang roles from Wagner at Covent Garden under Rudolf Kempe, and recorded Gustave Mahler’s Third Symphpony with Rafael Kubelik. She worked with Benjamin Britten, Sir Malcom Sargent, and Ralph Vaughan Williams amongst other noted composers. She also sang on the soundtrack of the film The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan (1953). Thomas later sang at the investiture of Prince Charles, son of Queen Elizabeth II, as Prince of Wales at Caernarvon (1969) and retired in 1973. Thomas worked as a singing instructor at the Royal Academy of Music in London for over twenty-five years (1964 – 1990). Marjorie Thomas died (Sept 12, 2008) aged eighty-five.

Thomas, Mary (1) – (1787 – 1875)
British poet and diarist
Mary Harris was born (Aug 30, 1787) at Southampton, the daughter of an innkeeper. She was married (1818) to Robert Thomas, to whom she bore six children. Her first published work Serious Poems (1831) was written especially for her children. With her husband and children Mary Thomas immigrated to South Australia aboard the Africaine (1836), her husband having received his appointment as the official printer for the new colonial government.
Mrs Thomas was actively involved (1837 – 1842) with the editing of the South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register which was first published in Adelaide (June, 1837). Mary Thomas survived her husband and died (Feb 10, 1875) aged eighty-seven, in Adelaide. Mrs Thomas had left a written account of her voyage from England and to this was added a collection of family letters, consisting mostly of correspondence with her daughter Helen (1855 – 1860) then with her own family in the goldfields. These were later edited and published posthumously by her descendant Evan Kyffin Thomas as The Diary and Letters of Mary Thomas (1915).

Thomas, Mary (2) – (1932 – 1997)
Welsh operatic soprano
Averil Mary Thomas was born (Aug 2, 1932) at Swansea. She became proficient at the piano from a very young age and was performing in public in her home town from the age of ten (1945). Mary then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and later became the principal singer of the Sir Peter Maxwell Davies ensemble the ‘Fires of London.’ Maxwell Davies wrote several pieces for Thomas such as Miss Donnithorne’s Maggot (1974) which dealt with the life of Eliza Donnithorne of Sydney, the historical Australian equivalent of ‘Miss Haversham’ from Charles Dickens’ famous novel Great Expectations (1861) and the theatre drama The Medium (1981) which was much admired by Leonard Bernstein.
Thomas was particularly remembered for her inclusion of non-classical and popular music in her considerable repertoire and later became a professor at the Royal Academy. Several prominent actresses were taught singing by her including Twiggy and Honor Blackman. Mary Thomas was married to the noted cellist Edward Holmes and died (April 17, 1997) aged sixty-four.

Thomas, Michelle – (1968 – 1998)
Black American television and film actress
Thomas was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of stage actress Phynjuar Thomas and the saxophonist Dennis Thomas. Michelle was raised in Monclair, New York, and received her acting training from her mother and also trained with Flo Greenberg. She became a television actress and was best known as Justine, girlfriend to Theo in the popular The Cosby Show, and as Myra, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel in Family Matters. She also appeared in the film Hangin ’ With the Home Boys (1991).
Miss Thomas appeared in the famous CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998) in which she appeared as a young singer. For this performance she was nominated for an NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Image Award for outstanding acting in a daytime drama. Michelle Thomas died of cancer (Dec 23, 1998) aged thirty, at Manhattan in New York.

Thomas, Olive – (1884 – 1920)
American silent film actress
Born Olive Elaine Duffy, she began her career with the Ziegfeld Follies. She was married to the actor Jack Pickford (1896 – 1933), brother to Mary Pickford. Her movie credits included Beatrice Fairfax (1916), The Follies Girl (1919) and Footlights and Shadows (1920). Olive Thomas committed suicide.

Thomas Ellis, Alice – (1932 – 2005)
British novelist and columnist
Born (Sept 9, 1932), Alice Thomas Ellis was the pseudonym of Anna Haycraft, the wife (1955) of the publisher Colin Haycraft. She originally intended to become a nun but was prevented because of ill-health. Alice was the author of over twenty novels that drew on perceptive observations of daily domestic life such as The Sin Eater (1977), The 27th Kingdom (1982) which was short-listed for the Booker Prize, and Unexplained Laughter (1985) which was considered to be her best work.
Alice Thomas Ellis also published the three volune Summerhouse Trilogy, The Clothes in the Wardrobe (1987), The Skeleton in the Cupboard (1988) and The Fly in the Ointment (1990). A contributor of articles to The Spectator magazine and the Catholic Herald newspaper, Thomas Ellis also she wrote a column for Home Life and published cookery books such as All-natural Baby Food (1977). She was widowed in 1995. Alice Thomas Ellis died (March 8, 2005) aged seventy-two.

Thomasine of Somerset (Jacina, Tacine) – (c1434 – after 1469)
English medieval noblewoman
Thomasine was the illegitimate daughter of John Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset. Her full name was Thomasine, though she is sometimes incorrectly referred to as ‘Jacina Beaufort.’ She was the elder half-sister of Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, the mother of King Henry VII (1485 – 1509), and either full or half-sister to John (died after 1453), the ‘Bastard of Somerset.’ Thomasine was married (1447) to Reynold (Reginald) Grey (1421 – 1494), seventh Baron Grey of Wilton (1442 – 1494).
Thomasine was the mother of his son and heir, John Grey (c1452 – 1499), eighth Baron Grey of Wilton (1494 – 1499), who was married twice and left descendants. Her great-granddaughter Tacy (Thomasine) Grey (c1493 – 1558) became the wife of Johh Guise, of Elmore, Gloucestershire, and through her Thomasine of Somerset was the ancestress of the Torrey family of Weymouth, Massachusetts. Surviving charter evidence (1447) reveals that Thomasine and Reynold conveyed the manors of Shirland, Derby, Shoreham, Acrefleet, Wildebernes and Debden, Essex to Sir Thomas Grey and his wife Margaret, with the reversion to themselves. Vincent’s Baronage in the College of Arms calls Thomasine the daughter of Owen Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Katherine de Valois, the widow of Henry V (1413 – 1422), which made her the paternal aunt of Henry VII, but this genealogy is now discredited. Lady Grey was living (May, 1469) and died some time afterwards.

Thomond, Mary Palmer, Marchioness of – (1750 – 1820)
British peeress and editor
Mary Palmer was the daughter of John Palmer of Torrington in Devon, and was the niece of the famous painter Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723 – 1792), the President of the Royal Academy. With the death of her father she resided in the household of her guardian Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797) at Beaconsfield. When aged over forty Mary became the second wife (1792) of Murrough O’Brien, the Irish Earl of Inchiquin and became the Countess of Inchiquin. The marriage remained childless.
When O’Brien was raised in the peerage and created the first Marquess of Thomond by King George III Lady Inchiquin became the Marchioness of Thomond (1801 – 1808). Her husband died after being thrown from his horse in Grosvenor Square in London, this peerage became extincy though the earldom of Inchiquin passed to a kinsman. Lady Mary survived him as the Dowager Marchioness of Thomond (1808 – 1820). As the heiress of her uncle Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lady Thomond went through his papers at his death and discovered two fragmentary essays written by him in the form of imaginary conversations between the author and Dr Samuel Johnson. Lady Mary edited these works and arranged for their publication. Lady Thomond died (Sept 7, 1820).

Thompson, Annie Emma Affleck, Lady – (1845 – 1913)
Canadian political wife
Annie Affleck was born (June 26, 1845) at Halifax, the eldest daughter of a sea captain. She received a decent education and may have worked behind a shop counter in Halifax in order to assist her mother financially. She became the wife (1870) of the noted lawyer John Sparrow David Thompson (1845 – 1894) from Halifax, to whom she bore nine children. She supported her husband’s career in politics and influenced him to accept the position of Minister of Justice (1885) in Ottawa. Her husband was later knighted (1888) and Annie became Lady Thompson.
Lady Thompson became a fashionable hostess in Ottawa, reciving political dignitaries and their wives as well as foreign visitors. Her husband’s sudden death from a heart attack whilst at Windsor Castle in England meant that she became the Dowager Lady Thompson. She and her children were left in fraught financial circumstances and the Lady Thompson Fund was established to provide them with pecuniary assistance. She also received assistance from the Canadian parliament (1895). Lady Thompson removed with her children to Toronto where she became a friend of Lady Aberdeen and worked with the National Council of Women of Canada. She converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before her death (April 10, 1913) aged sixty-seven, during an operation for cancer. She was interred in Mount Hope Cemetery in Toronto.

Thompson, Christina – (1918 – 1998)
British Red Cross activist and military matron
Thompson was born (Aug 14, 1918). She trained as a nurse at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle and became a ward sister. She then joined the Navy (1948) and served on a hospital ship in Korea. After a stint as the Matron-in-Chief’s secretary at the Admiralty, Christina Thompson was appointed as the principal matron of the Royal Naval Hospital at Bighi in Malta (1964 – 1967). She was awarded the Royal Red Cross (1966).
Thompson was appointed matron-in-chief of the QARNNS (Queen Alexandra Royal Naval Nursing Service (1970 – 1973). For this valuable work she was appointed CBE (Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1972). She remained unmarried. Christina Thompson died (Feb 18, 1998) aged seventy-nine, at Horsforth, near Leeds in Yorkshire.

Thompson, Dorothy – (1893 – 1961) 
American feminist, mountaineer and newspaper woman
Thompson was born (July 9, 1893) in Lancaster, New York, the daughter of a Methodist clergyman. She was educated in Chicago and later attended Syracuse University. She was married (1928 – 1942) to the novelist Sinclair Lewis (1885 – 1951) from whom she was later divorced.Thompson trained as a journalist and worked in Europe as a foreign correspondent, establishing her international credentials after securing an interview the Empress Zita of Austria (1921) after the failure of husband, Emperor Karl, to regain the lost throne of Hungary.
During the early 1930’s Thompson wrote with concern over the rise of the Nazi Reich and became the first foreign correspondent to be expelled from Germany by Adolf Hitler (1934). Thompson wrote numerous articles for the Ladies Home Journal, worked as a broadcaster, and wrote the highly popular ‘On the Record’ column for the New York Herald Tribune. Her published works included I Saw Hitler ! (1932) and The Courage to Be Happy (1957). Dorothy Thompson died (Jan 30, 1961) aged sixty-seven, at Lisbon in Estramadura in Portugal.

Thompson, Edith – (1893 – 1923)
British murderess
Mrs Thompson and her lover Frederick Bywaters stabbed her husband to death in London, whilst returning from an evening at the theatre. The pair was tried at the Old Bailey, and both were sentenced to death, despite many petitions for Mrs Thompson to be spared execution.

Thompson, Edith Marie – (1875 – 1961)
British volunteer worker
Edith Thompson was appointed controller of the QMAAC (Queen Mary’s Army Auxiliary Corps) (1917 – 1920). She later served as governor of Bedford College and of the University of London. Edith Thompson died (Aug 25, 1961).

Thompson, Flora Jane – (1876 – 1947) 
British social historian
Born Flora Timms (Dec 5, 1876) in Juniper Hill, Oxfordshire, she left school early and was employed in the local postoffice. After marrying she settled with her husband in Bornemouth. Flora Thompson turned to writing in order to augment the family income. She was best known for her semi-autobiographical trilogy of novels Lark Rise (1939), Over to Candleford (1941) and Candleford Green (1943), which were then published together under the title of, Lark Rise to Candleford (1945). Flora Jane Thompson died (May 21, 1947) aged seventy, at Brixham, Devon.

Thompson, Helen Bradford – (1880 – 1954) 
American psychologist and social scientist
Her reseach refuted the current ‘biological theory’ that the psychological differences and mental capacities that existed between men and women correlated with the social roles accorded to each sex. Thompson was a prominent campaigner for women’s suffrage, and was experimental reformer in the field of child development. Helen Thompson was the author of Mental Traits of Sex (1900).

Thompson, Marian Spitzer – (1899 – 1983)
American journalist, screenwriter and novelist
Thompson began her literary career as a journalist for the Brooklyn Times newspaper in New York. She wrote the screenplay Look for the Silver Lining (1949) which dealt with the life of the 1920’s Broadway star Marilyn Miller. She later scripts for the television series The Loretta Young Show. Her novels included The Palace and A Hungry Young Lady. Marian Thompson died (July 17, 1983) in New York.

Thompson, Marie Collins – (1904 – 1997)
American public housing advocate
Marie Collins was born in Georgetown, Washington. She studied journalism at George Washington University, and architecture and real estate management at the University of Houston. She was married firstly to the geologist John McGuire but this marriage ended in divorce. Mrs McGuire remarried to an architect Thomas Thompson of San Antonio. Mrs Thompson entered the civil service and and worked to improve services for the elderly and people on low incomes.
Marie Thompson was appointed as the executive director of the San Antonio Housing Authority and organized the planning and building of the Golden Age Center (1960), which provided almost two hundred apartments especially designed for elderly people. Her innovative talent was recognized by the presidency and Thompson was appointed by President John F. Kennedy as the first female Public Housing Administrator (1961 – 1966). She then worked as the secretary to the Department of Housing and concentrated her efforts on improving conditions for handicapped residents. She later served as a housing specialist at the International Center for Social Gerontology in Washington, later the Center for Social Gerontology in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Her published works included Housing for the Elderly (1957), Housing and the Handicapped (1977) and Housing for the Rural Elderly (1982). Marie Collins Thompson died (Jan 13, 1997) aged ninety-two, in Bethesda, Maryland.

Thompson, Mary Harris – (1829 – 1895)
American physician and medical pioneer
Mary Thompson was born in New York and was trained as a schoolteacher. She taught in order to pay for her degree from the New England Female Medical College in Boston, Massachusetts. Thompson later removed to Chicago in Illinois where she established a hospital for women and children (1865) and the Women’s Medical College (1870). Both buildings were destroyed during the famous Chicago fire (1871) but were quickly rebuilt. She was later elected to the American Medical Association (1886).

Thompson, Mildred – (1881 – 1975)
American historian and author
Thompson was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She graduated from Vassar College (1903) and attended Columbia University. Mildred Thompson was dean of Vassar (1923 – 1948), and headed the history department. From 1948 – 1952 Mildred taught history at the University of Georgia, before being appointed dean of women at the College of Free Europe, in Strasbourg, France. She was the author of Reconstruction in Georgia and Carpetbaggers in the US Senate. Thompson was a member of the US delegation to the Conference of allied Ministers of Education in London (1944), and was twice appointed US delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. She remained unmarried. Mildred Thompson died (Feb 16, 1975) in Atlanta.

Thompson, Sarah – (1774 – 1852)
American heiress
Sarah Thompson was born (Oct 18, 1774), the daughter of Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753 – 1814) and his first wife Sarah (1739 – 1792), the widow of Colonel Benjamin Rolfe (died 1771), and daughter of Rev. Timothy Walker. From her father she inherited the title of countess of Rumford for four decades (1814 – 1852). Sarah was her father’s heiress and only child. Though he had remarried, he later seperated from his second wife, and there were no children. With her father’s death she used her title in society and resided for most of her life chiefly at Concord in Connecticut, New Hampshire. It was here that the countess founded the Rolfe and Rumford asylum for orphaned girls. Sarah Thompson died unmarried.

Thompson, Sylvia – (1902 – 1968)
British novelist and public speaker
Thompson was born (Sept 4, 1902) the daughter of Norman Thompson. She was educated in several secondary schools before attending Somerville College in Oxford. She was married and produced two daughters. Sylvia Thompson made a name for herself as a public orator, and she joined the lecture circuit in the USA (1932). Her published novels included titles such as The Rough Crossing (1918) published when she was only eighteen, Summer’s Night (1932), Golden Arrow (1935) which she co-wrote with Victor Cunard, Recapture the Moon (1937), Gulls Fly Inland (1941) and The Candle’s Glory (1953). Sylvia Thompson died (April 27, 1968) aged sixty-five, at Reigate Heath in Surrey.

Thomson, Anna Robena    see    Laidlaw, Anna Robena

Thomson, Beatrice – (1902 – 1999)
Irish-Australian memoirist and patron
Born Beatrice Rainey (March 4, 1902) in Belfast, she immigrated to Freemantle in Western Australia with her family (1920) but later went to reside and work in Sydney, New South Wales. There she met and was married (1930) to Jim Thomson, to whom she bore eight children. Thomson was the author of reminicesnces entitled They Called Me Irish (1999) and was a patron of the Hornsby-Kuringai Hospital in Hornsby, where she had settled with her family (1938), as well as being instrumental in organizing the CWA (Country Women’s Association) in that suburb, and a devoted campaigner on behalf of the Torch Bearers for Legacy and the Senior Citizens Association.
In recognition of her valuable work on behalf of the hospital and other public services Thomson was awarded the MBE (Member of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1968) and later received the Premier’s Award (1985). Beatrice Thomson died (June 11, 1999) aged ninety-seven, in Hornsby, where a public park had been dedicated bearing her name (1996).

Thomson, Margaret Seabury – (1889 – 1976)
American missionary
Margaret Seabury attended Smith College prior to her marriage with dr James Claude Thomson. The couple served in China as educational missionaries being appointed (1917) by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. Mrs Thomson taught English language, history and literature at the University of Nanking and the Ginling College for Women in Nanking. She returned to the USA to take a religious degree at Columbia University (1942) and returned to China until 1949, when she and her husband took up other teaching positions in Tokyo and Seoul. They retired in 1960 and returned permanently to the USA. Mrs Thomson was later awarded the Smith College Medal (19650 in recognition of her life of educational service. Margaret Seabury Thomson died (Feb 3, 1976) aged eighty-six, in South Kent, Connecticut.

Thorburn, June – (1931 – 1967)
British stage and film actress
Her first film role was in The Pickwick Papers (1953), and other credits included The Cruel Sea (1953) and The Scarlet Blade (1963).

Thorens, Marie Aymee de Rabutin-Chantal, Baronne de – (1598 – 1617)
French religious figure
The niece of St Francois de Sales, she was born (July 1, 1598) at the Chateau de Bourbilly at Dijon, in Burgundy, the daughter of the Baron de Chantal and his wife, the religious founder, nun, and saint, Jeanne Francoise Fremiot, the daughter of Benigne Fremiot, Seigneur de Thoste. Marie Aymee was married to Bernard de Sales, Baron de Thorens (1583 – 1617). She was received into the Order of the Visitation, which had been founded by her mother and St Francois de Sales, on her deathbed at Annecy (Sept 7, 1617), after receiving news of the death of her husband at Turin in Piedmont, which brought on a premature birth. The child did not survive.

Thorigne, Corba de – (c1075 – after 1102)
French mediaeval heiress and Crusader
Corba de Thorigne was the daughter of the Seigneur de La Motte-Faucois, her mother belonging to the powerful Amboise family. Her father was killed in a dispute with his brother-in-law Sulpice I d’ Amboise and Corba inherited from her grandfather Lisois one of the three chateaux of Amboise and became her uncle’s ward. Her first marriage with a knight was arranged by Fulk IV, Count of Anjou (c1095). This husband travelled to the Holy Land and was supposedly killed at the siege of Nikaea.
Count Fulk then gave Corba in marriage to the elderly Achard de Saintes, who then received her dowry. However when her first husband returned to France alive, de Saintes took Corba to Tours and confined her there in secret. She managed to get word out to her faithful servant Auger, who abducted Corba through secret connivance and restored her to her family at Chaumont. Soon after this Corba’s brother died and she was married a third time, to an unidentified friend of the Amboise family.
Corba accompanied her last husband on a crusade to Palestine (1101) with William IX of Aquitaine. Her husband was killed in a skirmish with Muslim forces and Corba was one of the many Frankish women carried into captivity. These details of Corba’s life are found in the Traite de l’amour courtois (1155) which was written by a canon of the collegiate church of Amboise, and which was a panegyric of the seigneurs of the Amboise family.

Thornburg, Betty June    see    Hutton, Betty

Thorndike, Dame Sybil – (1882 – 1976)
British stage actress
Agnes Sybil Thorndike was born (Oct 24, 1882). She appeared on stage during early childhood, and her career spanned seven decades of her long life. Thorndike began her stage career in the USA touring with the Ben Greet Players (1903 – 1907). During WW I in England she appeared in Shakespearean roles at the Old Vic (1914 – 1918) and then made her reputation in Greek tragedies which were directed by her husband, Sir Louis Casson.
George Bernard Shaw wrote the play Saint Joan especially for her, and Thorndike extensively travelled the world, visiting Australia and New Zealand, the Middle East, and Africa, as well as making periodically acclaimed appearances on Broadway in New York. Sybil Thorndike appeared in several films for cinema and and television, and her work and talent were publicly recognized and honoured when she was made DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by King George V (1931). Dame Sybil Thorndike died (June 9, 1976) aged ninety-seven.

Thorne, Manuela – (1797 – 1855)
Spanish political figure
Born Manuela Saenz in Quito, Ecuador, she was the daughter of a hidalgo. She was married to an English physician named Thorne before becoming the mistress of Simon Bolivar the famous Republican liberator. She was banished from Columbia after Bolivar’s death (1830). Manuela Thorne died at Paita in Peru, during a diptheria epidemic.

Thorneycroft, Dame Carla – (1914 – 2007)
Italian-Anglo philanthropist and patron of the arts
Carla Cappi was born (Feb 12, 1914) in Paris, the daughter of the Italian peer, Conte Guido Malagola Cappi. Carla was married to the British Conservative party politician Peter Thorneycroft, who was later made a life peer (1967) as Lord Thorneycroft. Lady Thorneycroft established the Venice in Peril Fund (1971) and was a trustee of the Royal School of Needlework (1964 – 1976). She was appointed DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1995) in recognition of her work for the Conservative Party. Dame Carla Thorneycroft died (March 7, 2007) aged ninety-three.

Thornton, Alice – (1626 – 1707)
English religious autobiographer
Alice Wandesford was born (Feb 13, 1626) in Kirklington, Yorkshire into the gentry, being the daughter of Christopher Wandesford (died 1640), who served as Lord Deputy of Ireland, and his wife Alice, the daughter of Sir Hewett Osborne. She was cousin of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford.  Alice was raised in Ireland with the daughters of Lord Wentworth, but later returned to England where she resided with her widowed mother in Yorkshire.
Alice was married (1651) to William Thornton (died 1668), of East Newton, a member of the Yorkshire gentry, to whom she bore nine children, of whom only three survived infancy, Alice Thornton (born 1654), the wife of Thomas Comber, Bishop of Durham, Katherine Thornton (born 1656), the wife of Robert Danby of Northallerton, and of Robert Thornton (1662 – 1692), the noted Anglican clergyman. Alice Thornton left a nine hundred page autobiographical manuscript at her death, which was published posthumously by the Surtees Society as The Autobiography of Alice Thornton of East Newton (1895). Alice Thornton died at East Newton, and was interred at Stonerave.

Thornton, Barbara – (1950 – 1998)
American musicologist and soprano
Thornton was born in Summit, New Jersey, and graduated from Sarah Lawrence College. A talented singer in the 1970’s, she was coached in operatic repertory in Europe. Enrolled at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, in Basel, Switzerland, she received an advanced diploma in performance practice (1977). With her friend and companion, a medieval harpist, Barbara founded and directed Sequentia, the medieval music ensemble. In 1982 the couple toured with their production of Hildegard of Bingen’s Ordo Virtutum, and since then made recordings of nearly all Hildegard’s surviving music.
Under Barbara’s direction the group also recorded courtly love songs and secular works by the German knight and poet, Oswald von Wolkenstein. They also made recordings of Spanish religious compositions, including the Codex las Huelgas and El Sabio, which had originally been composed for the Spanish king Alfonso X. Barbara Thornton died (Nov 8, 1998) aged forty-eight, in Cologne, Germany.

Thornton, Edna – (1879 – 1964)
British contralto vocalist
Born at Bradford in Yorkshire, she studied under Helen Lemmens-Sherrington at the Royal College of music at Manchester in Lancashire. She came to London 91900) and continued her instruction under Sir Charles Santley. She made her stage debut at Daly’s Theatre in London and then performed at Covent Garden. Edna toured with Sir Thomas Beecham as his premier contralto. Thornton’s bmost popular roles were Ortrude in Lohengrin, Fricka in The Ring, and Brangana in Tristan and Isolde. Edna Thornton died (July, 1964).

Thornton, Eleanor Velasco – (1875 – 1915)
British socialite
Eleanor Thornton was employed as a secretary at the Automobile Club (1902), where she met John Walter Edward Scott-Montagu, second Lord Montagu of Bealieu, whose mistress she became. Eleanor was the model for the lady known as the Spirit of Ecstasy, created by the sculptor Charles Sykes, and which adorned the bonnet of Rolls Royce cars since the beginning pr the twentieth century. She was later drowned when travelling in the Mediterranean aboard the liner the SS Persia, which was torpedoed and sunk by a German u-boat during WW I.

Thornton, Mary Lydia see Norden, Christine

Thornton, Valerie Genestra Marion – (1931 – 1991)
British artist, etcher and printmaker
Thornton was born (April 13, 1931) in London. She attended school in West Heath before attending the Byam Shal School of Drawing and Painting in London. Thornton became a teacher at the Charterhouse School (1955 – 1956) and organized various exhibitions of her work at the Royal Academy and at the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravings. A particular admirer of Romanesque architecture, examples of her work are preserved at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, and the Albertina Museum in Vienna. Valerie Thornton died (March 23, 1991) aged fifty-nine.

Thornton, Willie Mae – (1926 – 1984)
Black American blues vocalist and musician
Popularly known as ‘Big Mama,’ Thornton was born (Dec 11, 1926) in Montgomery, Alabama, the daughter of a minister. She learned to sing in the style of Ma Rainey and Memphis Minnie, and accompanied herself with a harmonica or the drums. Willie Mae Thornton was an infleuntial blues performer, and worked with the Johnny Otis band in his rhythmn and Blues Caravan Tour (1952). She was a definite influence on performers of the following generations such as Janis Joplin and Aretha Franklin.
Thornton was best known for songs like ‘Hound Dog’ (1953) made famous by Elvis Presley, and ‘Ball and Chain’ which was performed by Joplin (1968). She appeared with Sippie Wallace at the Kool Newport Jazz Festival (1980). Willie Mae Thornton died (July 25, 1984) aged fifty-seven, in Los Angeles, California.

Thornycroft, Helen – (fl. 1864 – 1912)
British artist and water colour painter
Helen Thornycroft was the daughter of the noted sculptor Thomas Thornycroft. She was best known for her religious themes and her flower paintings, and her work was exhibited at the Royal Academy.

Thorold, Merilyn Mary – (1935 – 1999)
British social campaigner and Bohemian figure
Merilyn Reynolds was the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Jack Reynolds, and his wife Constance Holford. She was educated at New Hall Convent, in Hertfordshire. She was married (1954) to Peter Thorold. They were later divorced (1963). Sufferring a major financial crisis in 1974, Merilyn was forced to move to London, where she became a researcher with the publishing company Edward Arnold. Prominent within the Bohemian culture of Soho, she arranged a pension for the poet Paul Potts, whom she cared for whilst he was dying, and provided practical assistance to many other contemporaries from that circle of friends. Having travelled to China, Bhutan, and Mongolia, she avidly supported the Tibet Foundation at the Tibet Society, and did much to help support and publicize the Free Tibet Campaign.

Thouret, Jeanne Antide – (1765 – 1826)
French nun, founder and memoirst
Born in Franche-Comte, Jeanne Thouret was the daughter of a poor farmer. She became a nun with the Filles de Charite, but when the revolution caused the convent to be closed down, Jeanne left France and went into exile. After the revolution she returned to France and established a school for girls at Besancon in Burgundy (1799). She was the founder of the Congregation of les Soeurs de la Charite de Besancon (1810) and left letters describing her work.

Thouars, Alix de    see   Alix of Thouars

Thrale, Hester Lynch – (1741 – 1821)
British poet and diarist
Hester Salusbury was the daughter of a wealthy landowner, John Salusbury. She received an excellent education, especially in languages, becoming fluent in Italian, Spanish, French and Latin. She was married (1763) to a businessman, Henry Thrale, later the Member of Parliament for Streatham. At her husband’s insistence she was prevented from running her own household, and devoted her time to writing and raising their children. She first met Dr Samuel Johnson in 1764, and the two remained firm friends, and she later visited Wales with him (1774). Before her husband’s death (1781) she had managed his brewery business, and assisted with the running of a benevolent foundation The Ladies’ Charity School for Training Girls and servants.
With Dr Johnson’s encouragement she began to write her series of anecdotes about contemporary people entitled Thraliana and then produced the clever character sketches entitled Three Dialogues on the Death of Hester Lynch Thrale (1779 – 1781). However, her second marriage to the Italian musician, Gabriel Piozzi (1784), caused a rift with her friendship with Johnson, and Hester travelled to Italy. After receiving news of Johnson’s death she produced Anecdotes of Dr Johnson (1785 – 1786), which was meant as a vindication of her decision to end the friendship. Her correspondence Letters to and from the Late Samuel Johnson (1788) accrued her condemnation as well as literary acclaim. At the time of her death she had been estranged from her daughters for some time, and her heir was her nephew and adopted son, John Salusbury Piozzi. She appears in the correspondence of the famous antiquarian Horace Walpole.

Thridenthea – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Thridenthea was a native of Ceasarea in Cappadocia, Asia Minor. She was arrested during the persecutions organized by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. Thridenthea refused to make the required public sacrifice to the pagan gods and was put to death. She was venerated as a saint (May 29) her feast was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Throckmorton, Elizabeth    see   Raleigh, Lady

Throckmorton, Maria Catherine Giffard, Lady – (c1758 – 1821) 
British Hanoverian literary figure and patron
Maria Giffard was the daughter of Thomas Giffard of Chillington. She was married (1782) to Sir John Courtenay Throckmorton (1753 – 1819), the fifth baronet, but they had no children. Lady Maria was the longtime friend and patron of the poet William Cowper (1731 – 1800). Lady Throckmorton died (Jan 7, 1821).

Throckmorton, Rose    see   Hickman, Rose

Thuillieres von Montjoye-Vaufrey, Marie Clothilde de – (1893 – 1978)
Austrian Hapsburg courtier and morganatic royal
Marie Clothilde Anna Josefa Fidelis de Thuillieres was born (Nov 6, 1893) at Meidling, the daughter of Charles de Thuillieres, Comte von Montjoye-Vaufrey and de La Roche, and his wife Countess Irene O’Donnell von Tyrconnell. Marie Clothilde became the wife (1922) in Vienna, of the Archduke Leo Karl of Austria (1893 – 1939), to whom she bore five children.
Archduke Leo had renounced his Imperial styles and titles prior to the marriage which was not recognized by the Imperial family and was regarded as morganatic. Marie Clothilde was granted the title and rank of Countess von Hapsburg-Lothringen (Oct 4, 1922), the same style and rank being granted to her children. She survived her husband as Dowager Countess von Hapsburg-Lothringen for almost four decades (1939 – 1978). Comtesse Marie Clothilde von Hapsburg died (Dec 7, 1978) aged eighty-five, in Vienna. Her children were,

Thulin, Ingrid – (1926 – 2004)
Swedish film actress
Thulin was born (Jan 27, 1926) in Solleftea in Angermanland, the daughter of a fisherman. She studied ballet from an early age and then studied at the Stockholm Royal Dramatic Theatre School. Thulin later worked with the great director Ingmar Bergman and appeared in such films as The Silence (1963), Cries and Whispers (1972) and Salon Kitty (1975). She received recognition of her acting skills from the Cannes Film Festival (1958) which she jointly recived the best actress award. In Sweden she received the Guldbagge Award for her performance in The Silence.
Miss Thulin was married for many years to Harry Schein, the founder of the Swedish Film Institute. Her other film credits included Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962) in which she appeared with Glenn Ford, La Guerre est finie (The War is Over (1966) with Yves Montand, The Damned (1969) which was directed by Luchino Visconti, and Efter repetitionen (After the Rehearsal (1984). Ingrid Thulin died (Jan 7, 2004) aged seventy-seven, in Stockholm.

Thurston, Katherine Cecil – (1875 – 1911)
Irish novelist
Katherine Madden was born in Cork. She was educated under the supervision of a governess and eventually married (1901) Ernest Temple Thurston. Her published works included The Circle (1903), The Gambler (1906) and The Fly on the Wheel (1908). Katherine Thurston died (Sept 6, 1911) aged thirty-six.

Thurston, Matilda Smyrell Calder – (1875 – 1958)
American missionary and educator
Matilda was born (May 16, 1875) at Hatford in Connecticut. She became the founder and the first president of the Ginling College for Women at Nanking in China (1913 – 1928). She returned to the USA after her retirement. Matilda Thurston died (April 18, 1958) aged eighty-two, at Auburndale in Massachusetts.

Thymagrate – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Thymagrate was a native of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Asia Minor. She was arrested during the persecutions instigated by the emperors Diocletian and Galerius. Refusing to make the required sacrifice to the pagan gods, Thymagrate was killed. Venerated as a saint (July 21) her feast was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Thynne, Joan – (1558 – 1612)
English estate manager and patron of the arts
Joan Hayward was the daughter of Sir Rowland Hayward, alderman and Lord Mayor of London. She was married (1574) to John Thynne (died 1604), the heir to the Longleat estate in Wiltshire, to whom she bore four children. During her husband’s abscences in London, Joan managed the family estate, and made appearances at the court of Elizabeth I. Joan Thynne instigated a successful litigation with Lord Stafford in order to regain control of Caus Castle in Shropshire, which had formed part of her dower, and eventually took control of the castle herself by force (1591). With Thynne’s death she continued to administer the family estate, and the musician John Maynard dedicated one of his compositions to her. Some of her correspondence has survived and been edited and published. Maria Thynne was her daughter-in-law.

Thynne, Maria – (1579 – 1611)
English letter writer and estate manager
Lady Maria Thynne was the third daughter of George Touchet (1551 – 1617), eleventh Baron Audley and first Earl of Castlehaven, and his first wife Lucy, the daughter of Sir James Mervyn, of Fonthill Giffard, Wiltshire. Maria was married secretly (1594) to John Thynne, the heir of John Thynne of Longleat, Wiltshire.  Her in-laws disputed the legality of the union, but it was declared legally valid (1601). Maria Thynne became chatelaine of Longleat (1604) but her relationship with her mother-in-law remained as untenable as previously.
Maria organized the running of the family estate during her husband’s abscences, and some of her private correspondence has survived. Her eldest son, Sir James Thynne, of Longleat (1605 – 1670) was married twice but died childless, whilst her younger son, Sir Thomas Thynne, of Richmond, Surrey was the father of the notorious adventurer Thomas Thynne (1648 – 1682), popularly known as ‘Tom of Ten Thousand.’ He was the second husband of Elizabeth Percy (later duchess of Somerset) and was killed in a duel with the Swedish adventurer, Count Karl Philipp von Konigsmarck, who was hanged at Tyburn for the crime. Maria Thynne died from the effects of childbirth.

Thyra Haraldsdotter – (c964 – 1000)
Scandinavian princess
Princess Thyra was the daughter of Harald II Bluetooth, King of Denmark and his first wife Gunhilda. Thyra was married firstly to Styrbjorn Olafsson (c956 – 985), Jarl of Jomsburg, the son of Olaf Edmundsson, king of Uppsala in Sweden. Their son Thorkils Sprakkaleg was the father of Gytha Thorkilsdotter, the wife of Godwin, earl of Wessex in England and mother of Harold II, the last Anglo-Saxon king (1066). With Styrbjorn’s death in battle at Jomsburg, Thyra was remarried (c988) to Miczyslav I (930 – 992), Duke of Poland, as his last wife.
When she was widowed for a second time, Thyra remarried thirdly to Olaf I Trygvasson (964 – 1000). King of Norway to whom she bore a son, Harold Olafsson (999). Later events indicated that this marriage was contracted without the consent of her brother, King Sweyn, and that it was part of a political plan to unite all hostile forces against her brother. The historian Snorre Sturlasson recorded in the Saga that Thyra had fled from her husband Mieczyslav (whom he mistakenly called Boleslav, confusing him with her stepson) and arrived as a fugitive at Olsf’s court.
With her husband’s murder (Sept 9, 1000) Queen Thyra and her infant son perished a week afterwards (Sept 18).

Thyra Sveinsdotter – (994 – 1018)
Danish-Anglo princess
Thyra was the daughter of King Sweyn I Haraldsson, king of Denmark (986 – 1014) who became king of England in 1013, and his first wife Gunhilda of Poland, and was sister to Knut II (1014 – 1035). Thyra was married (c1010) to Mieceslav III, king of the Wends in Mecklenburg, and was the mother of King Ratibor (1032 – 1043), and two daughters, Siritha (Sigrid), the wife of the Wendish prince Godescalac, and Gunhilda who was married to two Danish jarls and attended the court of her uncle Knut in England.

Thyra Amelie Caroline Charlotte Anne – (1853 – 1933)
Princess of Denmark
Thyra was born (Sept 23, 1853) in Copenhagen, the youngest daughter of King Christian IX (1863 – 1906), and his wife Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was the younger sister to Queen Alexandra, wife of Edward VII of Great Britain (1901 – 1910) and to the Russian tsarina Marie Feodorovna (Dagmar), the mother to Tsar Nicholas II. She was also the sister of Giorgios I, King of Greece (1863 – 1913). She was raised simply her her parents with her many siblings at the Yellow Palace in Copenhagen. Slender and elegant Thyra possessed the same sweet natured temperament as her sisters and was instructed in music by her mother.
Thyra visited England with other family members (1863) in order to attend the wedding of her sister Alexandra, and was received by Queen Victoria at Windsor. It was during a visit spent with the Prince and Princess of Wales in Rome (1872) that Princess Thyra met her future husband Prince Ernst Augustus of Hanover (1845 – 1923), Duke of Cumberland, the son and heir of George V, King of Hanover, who was deposed by the Prussians (1870). Feared of offending the Prussians caused the Danish government to oppose the couple’s desire to marry for several years. Prussia under Bismarck had annexed the entire kingdom of Hanover, and the chancellor in particular looked with disfavour on a marriage between a Danish princess and a Hanoverian prince who could have been regarded as a possible rally-point for anti-Prussian opinion.
Princess Thyra had also formerly been tentatively considered as a bride for Queen Victoria’s son Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught but these obstacles were eventually overcome and the marriage took place at the Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen (1878). Queen Victoria described them as ‘a very plain couple, though very amiable and good.’ They raised six children and lived a quiet, bourgeois existence at Gmunden, but their love for each other never ceased and Victoria observed that ‘she adores Ernst and he her.’ They were present in Berlin for the marriage of their son Ernst Augustus (1887 – 1953) with Princess Victoria Louise, the daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1913). During WW I relations with her Danish and English relatives became extremely strained, as Thyra’s son was serving with the German army. This remained the cause of family friction which never entirely healed. Thyra survived her husband as Dowager Duchess of Cumberland (1923 – 1933). She was the last survivor of her generation of the Danish royal family. Princess Thyra died (Feb 26, 1933) aged seventy-nine, at Gmunden, Austria, with her daughters at her bedside. She was interred within the family vault in Hanover. Her children were,

Tian, Jon   see   Gunderrode, Karoline von

Tibba – (fl. c670)
Anglo-Saxon nun
Tibba appears to have lived as a solitary at Ryhall in Leicester, where she was buried. She may have been related to Cyneburga of Deira and her sister Kyneswyth, daughters of Penda, King of Mercia (626 – 654), as the relics of all three were translated by Abbot Aelfsige to Peterborough during the reign of King Edgar I (963). This transaltion was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. During the reign of King Aethelred II (979 – 1016) these relics were removed for safety to Thorney, but were returned to Peterborough during the reign of Henry I (1100 – 1135).
Tibba was venerated as a saint (March 6).

Tibbles, Susette La Flesche – (1854 – 1903)
American Indian civil rights campaigner
La Flesche was born in Nebraska, the daughter of an Omaha Indian chief and the granddaughter of a French fur trader. She was raised on an Indian reservation on the Missouri River, where she attended the mission school. Susan La Flesche was trained as a schoolteacher at the Elizabeth Institute in New Jersey, and then returned to Omaha to teach. She later toured the eastern states as interpreter for the Indian chief, Standing Bear, who had been arrested after attempting to lead his tribe back to their former lands (1879).
The journalist, Thomas Henry Tibbles, who gave public lectures on this famous case, became her husband (1881). The work of husband and wife, together with popular support influenced the government to grant land rights and citizenship to Indians under the Dawes Act (1887). Susette Tibbles later visited England where she gave lectures, but ultimately returned to Omaha, where she died.

Tibors I (Tiburga) – (c1114 – c1150)
Queen of Arles
Tibors I was married (c1129) to Guilhem d’Omelas, who held the castle of Sarenom (now Serignan, near Grasse, Alpes Maritimes) to whom she bore a son Raimbaut (c1146 – 1173), and two daughters, the elder, Tibors II, the female trobairitz, and Tiburgette. The counts of Toulouse had claimed the suzerainty of Orange as part of their marquisate of Provence (1125), but in her will Tibors I declared herself to be an immediate vassal of the German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, which indicates that the queen ruled Orange in her own right, subject only to the emperor. Both of her daughters are named in her will, the elder as guardian of her younger brother Raimbaut, together with her husband, Bertrand de Baux. With Tibor’s death she was succeeded by her son Raimbaut III. He died childless and the throne passed to her elder daughter Tibors II and her husband Bertrand.

Tibors II (Tiburga) – (c1130 – 1182) 
Queen of Arles
Tibors II was the eldest daughter of Guilhelm d’Omelas, of Sarenam Castle, and his wife Tibors I, Princess of Orange. She married firstly to Gaufroy de Mornas, who had died before c1150, when Tibors is mentioned in her mother’s will as the wife of Bertrand de Baux, King of Arles (1178 – 1181), and both are named guardians on her younger brother Raimbaut d’Orange. 
Raimbaut achieved lasting fame as a celebrated troubadour, as did Tibors herself.
Courtly and accomplished she wrote poems, though only a fragment of one of her poems survives. She and Bertrand had Raimbaut brought up at their court at Les Baux, a cultural centre in Provence, where they were famous patrons of the troubadours. Her husband was assasinated by the order of his enemy Raymond IV of Toulouse, and Tibors herself died four years later.

Tickner, Caroline – (1866 – 1937)
American author
Caroline Tickner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and wrote concerning literary themes and figures. Her biographical works included Hawthorne and His Publisher (1913), Poe’s Helen (1916), Glimpses of Authors (1922) and May Alcott (1928).

Tiefenbach, Wilhelmina Josephine Adolfine von – (1834 – 1892)
German noblewoman
Wilhelmina von Tiefenbach was the only child of Prince Friedrich of Nassau-Weilburg (1799 – 1845) and his morganatic wife, Anna Ritter von Valleymare (1802 – 1864). Her mother was created countess von Tiefenbach (1840), shortly after her parents were married. Their marriage legitimated Wilhelmina, and she later inherited her mother’s rank and title. Wilhelmina was married (1856) to a Frenchman, Emile Delamothe de Girardin, but their union remained childless. They were later divorced (1872).

Tiepolo, Lucia – (c1311 – 1413)
Italian religieuse and founder
Lucia Tiepolo entered the Benedictine convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli, on the island of Murano (c1322). Thirty years later she was appointed abbess of the Benedictine house of Sant ‘Apostolo, on the island of Ammiano. However, the area was so poor that Lucia decided the found a convent in Venice itself, and built the small church dedicated to Corpus Domini (1375), with the financial assistance of a Venetian patrician. The convent quickly grew up around the church, and when the community was officially consecrated (1394), it already had forty nuns, with Lucia as prioress. The Dominican preacher Giovanni Dominici became the spiritual director, and within two years, the number of nuns had risem to over seventy. Lucia remained prioress for twenty years, dying (April 12, 1413) aged over one hundred, in the odour of religious sanctity.

Tietjens, Eunice – (1884 – 1944)
American novelist and poet
Tietjens was born in Chicago, Illinois, and married Cloyd Head. Her novels included Profiles from China (1917), Body and Raiment (1919), Profiles from Home (1925) and The Romance of Antar (1929). A member of the staff of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, in Chicago for three decades (1913 – 1944), Eunice also left an autobiography The World at My Shoulder (1938).

Tiktiner, Rebecca – (c1576 – 1650) 
Czech author
Rebecca Tiktiner was of Jewish birth. She was the author of a book of spiritual devotions, and was the first woman to publish a work in the Yiddish language. Her book was published firstly in Prague, Bohemia (1609) and later at Krakow in Poland (1618).

Tilberis, Liz – (1947 – 1999)
Anglo-American magazine editor
Elizabeth Tilberis was born (Sept 7, 1947) and embarked upon a career in journalism which resulted in her becoming fashion assistant with British Vogue (1970 – 1984). She was later appointed executive fashion editor (1984 – 1987) and finally editor in chief (1987 – 1992). Tilberis decided to move to the USA where she took up the position of editor in chief at Harper’s Bazaar, published by the Hearst Corporation. With Aimee Lee Ball she co-wrote her autobiography No Time to Die (1998). Liz Tilberis died of ovarian cancer (April 21, 1999) aged fifty-one.

Tilbury, Zeffie – (1863 – 1950)
American character actress of stage and screen
Tilbury worked mainly in the theatre and appeared in several films in the latter part of her career such as Werewolf of London (1935), The Last Days of Pompeii (1935), Balalaika (1939) and Tobacco Road (1941).

Tilley, Vesta – (1864 – 1952) 
British actress and vocalist
Born Mathilda Alice Powles, at Worcester, she was the daughter of William Henry Powles, and his wife Matilda Broughton. Mathilda made her first appearance on the stage at the age of five (1869) in male costume. As a male impersonator, taking the professional name of Vesta Tilley, she won great popularity in the provinces, eventually coming to London where she married Walter de Frece (died 1935). She appeared at Holborn (1878) and in 1882 she played in the Drury Lane pantomime Sinbad, a part specially written for her.
Her real fame was achieved in the music-halls, which were then at the peak of their popularity. Popularly known as ‘The London Idol’, she was never vulgar or coarse, and no breath of scandal ever touched eith her career or her private life. Some of her biggest successes were sung in military uniform, and her performances during 1914 – 1918 were a great aid to military morale. Tilley’s best known songs included ‘Burlington Bertie,’ ‘After the Ball’ and ‘The Army of Today’s All Right.’ She retired from the stage after her husband was knighted (1920) for services rendered in the ministry of pensions. She left memoirs Recollections of Vesta Tilley (1934). Vesta Tilley died in London.

Tillieres, Henriette Charlotte de Verdelin, Comtesse de – (1757 – 1834)
French society figure
Henriette Charlotte de Verdelin became the wife (1778) of Alexis Paul Michel le Veneur, Comte de Tillieres. She attended the court of Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette at Versailles and was also a visitor to the salon of Madame Du Deffand in Paris. She was mentioned in the correspondence of the British antiquarian Sir Horace Walpole. Madame de Tillieres survived the horrors of the Revolution.

Tillion, Germaine Marie Rosine – (1907 – 1996)
French ethnologist and war heroine
Germaine Tillion was born (May 30, 1907) at Allegre in Haute Loire, the daughter of a scholar. She was educated at Clermont-Ferrand in Burgundy, and in Paris, and studied oriental languages at the Ecole du Louvre. During WW II she served with the French Resistance as a commandant at the Musee de l’Homme. She was arrested by the Nazis and sent to the infamous Ravensbruck concentration camp (1942) but survived the horrors of the war years. Her courage and bravery were rewarded by the government, who made Tillion an Officer of the Legion d’Honneur, and she received the Croix de Guerre and the Rosette de la Resistance. She was later appointed as Director of Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (1957) and was the author of, Les ennemis complenmentaires (1978), and the war memoir, Ravensbruck (1973). Germaine Tillion was awarded the Prix Mondial Cino Del Luca (1977).

Tilney, Dame Guinevere – (1916 – 1997)
British political figure and personal adviser
Born Guinevere Grant (Sept 8, 1916), she was the daughter of Sir Hamilton Grant, twelfth baronet, and his wife Margot Cochran. During WW II she met and married her first husband Captain Lionel Hunter, an officer of the Canadian Dragoons Guard. With his death (1947) she worked as a secretary to Lord Selborne. She then remarried and became the wife of Sir John Tilney (1907 – 1994) the Conservative politician and Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations (1962 – 1964).
Guinevere Tilney became the chairwoman of the Empire Ladies Lunch Club and was later sent by Prime Minister Edward Heath to the USA (1970) as the British representative on the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. She then served as personal adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1975 – 1984) and travelled abroad with her. She was created DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II. Dame Guinevere Tilney died (April 4, 1997) aged eighty.

Tilton, Elizabeth Richards – (1836 – 1897)
American scandal figure
Elizabeth Tilton became the mistress (1868 – 1870) of Henry Ward Beecher, the brother of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Elizabeth was a married woman with five children when she conducted the affair, and had also been a Sunday school teacher. She confessed the relationship to her husband, and then bore Beecher’s illegitimate child. Her husband successfully sued Beecher (1875) and Elizabeth left him, supporting herself by establishing a private school. Elizabeth Tilton died a recluse.

Tilton, Martha – (1915 – 2006)
American popular vocalist and film actress
Tilton was born (Nov 14, 1915) in Corpus Christi, Texas. She was best known for her recording of ‘And the Angels Sing’ with Benny Goodman. Tilton was one of the first major artists to record with Capitol Records (1942 – 1949) and her later albums included We Sing the Old Songs (1957). Martha Tilton died (Dec 8, 2006) aged ninety-one, in Brentwood, California.

Tilyard, Edeline    see   Popiot, Edeline

Timostrata – (fl. c350 – c320 BC)
Greek patrician matron
Timostratia was the daughter of Pandaites of Prospalta, and his wife Lysippe, the daughter of Alkisthenes, synteriarch of Athens (357 BC). She became the wife of Pasikles, a wealthy Athenian noble. Timostrata was attested by a commemorative inscription from a surviving statue from Attika, which was executed by the scultpors Sthennis and Leokares.

Timoxena – (fl. c70 – 100 AD)
Graeco-Roman philosopher
Timoxena was the daughter of Chaeronea, the daughter of Alexion. She became the wife (c70 AD) at Thespiae, of the noted Imperial biographer and historian Plutarch of Chaeronea (c46 – c120 AD). Her husband recorded that she penned the work On the Love of Adornment, which was written in the form of a letter to a lady names Aristylla. Timoxena bore Plutarch four sons and an only daughter, Timoxena, who died young aged only two. Plutarch wrote his Consolatio ad Uxorem (Consolation to my Wife), at this time of bereavement in an effort to help them in their grief.

Timpson, Louise Clews – (1904 – 1970)
American-Anglo socialite
Louise Clews was born (Nov 27, 1904) in Paris, the daughter of an artist, and the granddaughter of the prominent Wall Street banker Henry Clews. When her parents were divorced Louise resided with her mother at Biarritz in France. Louise Clews was married firstly (1922) to Andrew Vanneck with whom she resided at Heveningham Hall in England. Mrs Vanneck was later divorced (1925) and she then remarried (1933) to Captain Ian Campbell. During WW II Mrs Campbell organized relief flights from Lisbon in Portugal. Her husband succeeded as Duke of Argyll in 1951 and the duke and duchess were present at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey (1953). Until her divorce from the duke in 1954 Louise resided with him as Inverary Castle in Scotland. She bore him two sons.
Her third husband (1956) was Robert Livingston Timpson, the investment banker. The former duchess was chatelaine of the famous Rhinebeck mansion ‘Grasmere’ where she entertained many prominent society figures both local and foreign. Her thirds marriage ended in divorce (1963) and had to open Grasmere as a historical home in order to maintain the estate. Louise Timpson died (Feb 10, 1970) aged sixty-five, in Rhinebeck, New York.

Timrava – (1867 – 1951)
Slovak writer and dramatist
Born Bozena Slancikova, her attempts at verse writing proved unfruitful so she turned to prose. Her first published short story Za koho ist (Wjom Should We Marry?) satirized contemporary semtimentality concerning married love affairs. Other works such as Tapakovci (The Tapaks) (1914) and Skon Pala Rocku (Palo Rocko’s Death) (1921) dealt with the powerful themes of money and poverty. Her work Hrdinovia (The Heroes) (1918) was an attack on nationalistic pride and political figures.

Tinayre, Marcelle – (1877 – 1948)
French romantic novelist, journalist and memoirist
Born Margeurite Chasteau in Tulle, she became the wife of the painter Julien Tainayre. Her first two novels Vive les vacances (Hurrah for the Holidays) (1885) and L’Enfant gaulois (The Gallic Child) (1887), were published anonymously. Later works were published under her own name and included La Rancon (The Ransom) (1898), La Rebelle (The Rebel) (1905) and L’Ombre de l’amour (The Shadow of Love) (1910). She published her memoirs entitled Madeleine au miroir: journal d’une femme (Madeleine at the Mirror: Diary of a Woman) (1913).

Ting Ling     see    Ding Ling

Tinker, Frances McKee – (1886 – 1958)
American novelist
Frances McKee was born (July 4, 1886) at Vicksburg in Mississippi. She became the wife (1919) of Edward Larocque Tinker, with whom she co-wrote four short novels which were set in New Orleans in the nineteenth century and published as Old New Orleans (1931). Mrs Tinker served as an executive of the Tinker National Bank on Long Island in New York. Frances Tinker died (Dec 18, 1958) aged seventy-two.

Tinkle, Sybil    see   Borden, Olive

Tintoretto, La – (1560 – 1590)
Italian painter
Born Marietta Robusti in Venice, she was the daughter of the painter Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti). Her father was deeply attached to her, and she was taught the art of painting in his own studio in Venice. Her fame as a painter became widespread, and her father even refused requests from the court of Philip II of Spain and the Hapsburg emperor Maximilian II, who both desired her to visit their courts and work. During the last years of her life La Tintoretto was said to have painted all the associates of her husband, Jacopo d’Augusta, head of the guild of silversmiths, but none of Tintoretto’s surviving works can now be definitely identified as her work. Several famous galleries, notably the Louvre in Paris and the Vienna Kunhostoriches Museum possess portraits which have been claimed as the work of La Tintoretto.

Tinubu, Efunroye – (fl. 1816 – 1856)
Lagosian power broker and political figure
Tinubu was the wife of Adele I, king of Lagos. She was a native of the town of Abeokuta and was a successful trader and merchant when the exiled King Adele married her in Badagry, his place of exile (1821 – 1835). Her trading activities, including involvement with the slave trade, continued after her marriage, and the queen built up an important and flourishing trading empire in the Badagry region. Meanwhile her husband plotted to regain his throne.
When Adele was finally recalled (1835) Tinubu went with him and established herself as an extrememly important personage at his court. With the king’s death (1837) Tinubu supported the claims of her stepson Oluwale to the throne. She then remarried to one of Oluwale’s prominent generals. By the time of Oluwale’s death (1841) Tinubu had her own standing army and became a powerful political figure. With the fall of King Atikaye and the succession of Kosiko, Tinubu withdrew to Badagry. Tinubu was not accorded the official rank of queen mother (Iya Oba) but she became the only woman in Lagosian history to have a monument erected in her honour.

Tipper, Constance – (1894 – 1995)
British metallurgist and mechanical engineer
Tipper was born in New Barnet, Hertfordshire. She discovered strategic flaws in wartime ‘Liberty’ ships and created the ‘Tipper Test’ for determining brittleness in steel. Constance Tipper died (Dec 14, 1995) aged one hundred and one, in Penrith, Cumbria.

Tipping, Isabella – (c1550 – 1598)
English draper and businesswoman
Isabella was the wife of the linen draper Richard Tipping, who ran an impressive business in Manchester, Lancashire. With her husband’s death (1592) Isabella continued to organize and administer the business, and became an extremely wealthy woman, owning her own private library.

Tirimujgan – (1819 – 1853)
Ottoman sultana
Tirimujgan was born (Aug 16, 1819) at Erivan in the Caucasus, possibly of Armenian origins. She was married (1841) in Constantinople to Sultan Abdulmecid I (1823 – 1861) and was the mother of Sultan Abdulhamid II (1842 – 1918). With the birth of a son Tirimujgan received the rank of Haseki Sultan (Princess Favourite). Her daughter Princess Semiha Osmanoglu (c1844 – 1877) remained unmarried. Sultana Tirimujgan died (April 26, 1853) aged thirty-three, in Constantinople.

Tirtschke, Alma – (1909 – 1921)
Australian child murder victim
Born in Melbourne, Victoria, she was abducted whilst running an errand for her mother, and was raped and strangled (Dec 30, 1921). The brutality of the crime was such that is deeply shocked the community and received extensive media coverage. With the police under pressure to solve the crime and soothe the outraged public, Colin Campbell Ross was wrongly convicted for the crime and and hanged (1922). He was later cleared by forensic evidence, but the identity of the murderer remains unknown.

Tirunash Worq – (c1842 – 1868)
Ethiopian empress consort (1860 – 1868)
Tirunash Worq was the daughter of Prince Wube Haile Maryam of Semen. She became the second wife (1860) of the Emperor Tewodros II (c1818 – 1868). Her husband shot himself at Magdala after his defeat by the British (April 13, 1868), and the empress herself died a month afterwards (May 15, 1868) during the British expedition’s withdrawal from Magdala. She was buried at Chelicot. Her son Prince Alemayahu of Ethiopia (1861 – 1879) was taken to England by the British forces and made a ward of the British government (March, 1872). He died unmarried.

Tisamena (Pisamena) – (c340 – after 408 AD)
Roman Imperial patrician and courtier
Tisamena was the mother of the Augusta Laeta, the second wife of the Emperor Gratian (378 – 383 AD). When Gratian was murdered, mother and daughter were granted protection by the emperor Theodosius I (379 – 395 AD), who confirmed them in their Imperial titles, and granted them an Imperial pension to finance their household, which was situated on the Aventine Hill. The emperor later placed his daughter Galla Placidia (later mother of Valentinian III) in their household, to be educated and trained for her later career at the Imperial court. During the siege of Rome by Alaric the Goth (408 AD), Tisamena and her daughter used their considerable wealth and resources to provide food for the city population.

Tisethor – (fl. c2300 BC)
Egyptian princess
Tisethor was the daughter of Princess Kheteretnebty, and was the granddaughter of King Isesi, who was the second last pharoah of the Vth Dynasty (2392 – 2282 BC). Tisethor was interred at Abusir in an extention of the tomb of her mother, which had originally been buolt for her aunt, Princess Hedjetnebu, the daughter of Isesi. Surviving inscriptions gave her the title of ‘King’s Daughter.’

Titheradge, Madge – (1900 – 1961)
Australian stage actress
Titheradge was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and was educated at Hampstead in London. Titheradge appeared on stage as a small child in Kingsley’s Water Babies (1902), and later had leading parts in most English theatres. Madge Titheradge died (Nov 14, 1961) aged sixty-one.

Titi Begam – (fl. 1565 – 1577)
Safavid queen consort
Titi Begam was the aunt of Ahmad Khan Gilani, the King of Lahijan. She became the chief wife of Mir Sultan-Murad (died c1576), the ruler of Mazandaran, and was the mother of his short-lived successor Mirza Khan (died 1578).

Tituba – (c1650 – after 1692) 
Black American slave and reputed witch
Tituba was born in a Spanish settlement in the West Indies and was brought to Salem in Massachusetts as a slave in the household of the clergyman Samuel Parris. Local women consulted her for simple love charms and fortune telling, which led to her being accused during the famous witchtrials (1692). Though tried and found guilty, Tituba repented of her sins and was released due to the intercession of the governor’s wife.

Titus, Niuta – (1912 – 1995)
Lithuanian-American philanthropist and organization founder
Niuta was born in Lithuania. Her first husband whom she married in Paris was Benno Slesin, the director of Warner Brothers Studios in Europe. The Slesins came to the USA (1940) and with Benno’s death Niuta remarried to Bernard Miller, a British manufacturer. With his death (1959) Niuta remarried (1960) to her third and last husband Roy Titus, chairman of the Helena Rubenstein cosmetics empire. She left children by her first husband only.
Mrs Titus gave financial support to research into biochemistry at Duke University and ophthalmological research at the John Hopkins School of Medicine. She served as president of the Roy and Niuta Titus Foundation and was a member of the international board of the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. She served as an honorary director of the Helena Rubenstein Foundation, which was dedicated to the improvements to the health and welfare of women and children. Two auditoriums at the museum of Modern Art were named for Niuta and her husband who had donated a considerable amount towards their refurbishment. Niuta Titus died (Aug 22, 1995) aged eighty-two, in Gstaad, Switzerland.

Tizon, Aurelia – (1908 – 1938)
Argentinian educator
Aurelia Tizon was born into an ordinary family and was trained as a schoolteacher. A talented painter and sketcher with a gift for translating, Aurelia became the first wife (1929) of the prominent military officer Juan Peron (1895 – 1974) who was later elected as president of Argentina (1946). Aurelia died (Sept 10, 1938) aged only thirty, of cancer of the uterus.

Tizpatum – (fl. c1800 – c1770 BC)
Assyrian queen
Tizpatum was one of the daughters of Zimri-Lim, King of Mari, perhaps by his chief queen Shibtu. Her father gave her in a political and dynastic marriage to his vassal, Ili-Istar, king of the city state of Suna, near Asnakkum in the north. One of the queen’s surviving letters to her father was found amongst those unearthed in the royal archive at Mari. In this missive Queen Tizpatum begs her father to send troops to aid her husband and to protect Suna from outward hostile attack.

Tobin, Genevieve – (1901 – 1995)
American stage and film actress
Tobin was born in New York City, and was educated in Paris. She began her career in vaudeville and and married the film director William Keighley. Her first stage role was in, Little Old New York (1920) and she appeared in a further dozen stage productions including Dear Sir (1924), Murray Hill opposite Leslie Howard, 50 Million Frenchmen (1929) and Queen of Crime (1941), her last before retiring from stagework.
Her film credits included Free Love (1930), One Hour With You (1932) in which she starred with Maurice Chevalier, Infernal Machine (1933) Dark Hazard (1934) with Edward G. Robinson and The Petrified Forest (1936) with Bette Davies and Leslie Howard. Genevieve Tobin died (July 31, 1995) in Pasadena, California.

Toda Aznarez (Theuda) (c885 – after 970)
Queen consort of Navarre (905 – 925)
Toda Aznarez de Larraun was the daughter of Aznar Sanchez, Conde de Larraun and his wife Urraca (Oneca) Fortunez, the widow of ‘Abd Allah, emir of Cordova, and the daughter of Fortun Garcia Arista, King of Navarre. Through her mother’s marriage the Infanta Toda was aunt to Abd-ar-Rahman III (912 – 961), the Ommayad Caliph of Cordova (929 – 961). Toda became the second wife (c902) of King Sancho I Garcia (c865 – 925), to whom she bore six children.
With King Sancho’s death his uncle Jimeno ruled as regent for their son, King Garcia III. With Jimeno’s death (934) the queen mother assumed control of the regency. A competent and tireless woman, Queen Toda maintained the royal power intact for her son, using the marriages of her various daughters as a means of consolidating the position of the royal family. Queen Toda was living in 970 when her son King Garcia died, being then aged in her mid-eighties. Her children were,

Todd, Anne – (1909 – 1993)
British film actress
Anne Todd was best known in the role of the famous poisoner Madeleine Smith in the movie Madeleine. She became one of the six wives of the noted director Sir David Lean (1908 – 1981). She published her autobiography The Eighth Veil (1980).

Todd, Thelma – (1905 – 1935)
American film actress
Thelma Todd began her career in silent films such as Fascinating Youth (1926), but was best known for appearances in sound films such as Monkey Business (1931) and Horse Feathers (1932), in which she starred with the Marx brothers. Other credits included Bottoms Up (1934) and The Bohemian Girl (1935). Blonde and attractive, she was said to have committed suicide in her garage, but an unexplained mystery always remained concerning her death, and she was rumoured to have been murdered, though the reasons for this remain unclear.

Toffania, La – (1653 – 1723)
Italian poisoner and mass murderess
La Toffania was born in Naples, and became notorious for providing the poison known as ‘Aqua Toffania’ which consisted of crytallized arsenic mixed with the herb cymbalaria, and which the ladies of Naples used to rid themselves of unwanted husbands. The viceroy of Naples eventually ordered Toffania’s arrest (1719), but she managed to elude his agents and entered a convent where she claimed the right of sanctuary. After threatening the abbess for sheltering her, a troop of soldiers forced her out and she was imprisoned.
The local archbishop became involved in the case, though he was motivated more by anger that the sanctuary of the convent had been violated, rather than by horror at Toffania’s crimes. The viceroy refused to back down, even after being threatened with papal excommunication. Toffania was then tortured and admitted to poisoning over six hundred male victims, and named many aristocratic women as her clients, though none of these were ever prosecuted. She was ordered to be strangled, and her body was tossed over the walls of the convent in which she had sought refuge from the law.

Tofts, Katherine – (c1680 – 1758)
British soprano and prima donna
Katherine Tofts was said to be a relative of Bishop Gilbert Burnet. She performed in both Italian and English and was a famous rival of the Italian performer, Francesca Margherita de l’Epine. She appeared in Clayton’s Arsinoe and Hadyn’s Camilla with great success and then joined tha Haymarket Company (1707) under the direction of Owen MacSwiney. Her early retirement (1709) was said to have been caused by a mental illness. Tofts later recovered and went to Italy, where she performed and was later married to Joseph Smith, the British consul in Venice. Her health later collapsed permanently (1740), and the last years of her life were spent in obscurity.

Tofukumon’in    see   Masako, Tokugawa

Togni, Olga von – (1914 – 1992)
Austrian actress
Olga von Togni was a successful stage actress prior to her appearance in the role of Josepha in Die Kreuzischreiber (1950). Her second film Der Weibsteufel (1951) was released in English as Devil of a Woman. Other films included Geliebte Corinna (1956) which was released in America as Corinna Darling. Olga played many other film and television roles, her last, as Meta Hinnichs in Die Manner vom K3-Schutzenfest (1988) was made for television.

Toguri, Iva    see    Tokyo Rose

Tokoly, Ilona    see   Ilona Zrinyi

Tokuko (1) – (1117 – 1160)
Japanese empress consort
Tokuko was the daughter of Fujiwara no Nagazine. She became the wife of the Emperor Toba (1103 – 1156) as his second wife. She was the mother of the Emperor Konoe (1139 – 1156).

Tokuko (2) – (1155 – 1213)
Japanese empress consort
Tokuko was the daughter of Taira no Kiyomori, an Imperial minister. She was married (1167) to the Emperor Takakura (1161 – 1181), several years her junior, as his chief wife. Tokuko became the mother of Takakura’s successor the child emperor Antoku (1178 – 1185).

Tokyo Rose – (1916 – 2006)
Japanese-American radio broadcaster and supposed war criminal
Born Ikuko Toguri at Los Angeles in California she Americanized her first name to Iva. She graduated from the University of California with a degree in zoology (1941). That same year she visited a sick relative in Japan, the US State Department providing her with a Certificate of Identification rather than the conventional passport. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour she was forced to remain in Japan for the duration of the war and was employed as a typist with the the Domei news service.
Toguri then joined Radio Tokyo as a broadcaster on The Zero Hour program (1943) and did much to help Allied prisoners of war in Japan. After the Japanese surrender (1945) the Americans began searching for her, giving her the name ‘Tokyo Rose’ as they did not then know her identity. She eventually signed a document admitting her identity, as a means of being able to return to the USA. The American journalist, Harry Brundidge, a reporter for Cosmopolitan magazine, did more to create misunderstandings concerning her wartime activities than any other person.
Tokyo Rose was tried for treason by the Americans (1949), but was eventually cleared of seven charges, and was convicted on only one, having mentioned the loss of ships on her radio program (Oct, 1944). Japanese witnesses were flown in specially to testify against her, but eventually the judge admitted his prejudice. Sentenced to prison for ten years, she was released after little over six years because of her good behaviour. President Gerald Ford later granted her executive clemency (1977) and Tokyo Rose became the only American ever to be pardoned for treason. Tokyo Rose died aged ninety, in the USA.

Tomanek, Gertrud – (1902 – 1997)
Hapsburg royal
Gertrud Tomanek was born (April 13, 1902) in Brunn, Austria, the daughter of Aloys Tomanek Edle von Beyerfels, and his wife Klothilde Dorfl. Gertrud became the wife (1929) in Vienna, of the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand (1872 – 1942), head of the Grand ducal house of Tuscany (1908 – 1942). The marriage was not recognized by the imperial family and was regarded as morganatic. Her two children, Claudia (born 1930) and Maximilian (born 1932) were styled count and countess von Hapsburg. Gertrud was granted the title of Princess of Florence, by which title she was known during her long widowhood of fifty-five years (1942 – 1997). Princess Gertrud died (Feb 15, 1997) aged ninety-four, in Salzburg.

Tomas, Caterina – (c1520 – 1574)
Spanish canoness and saint
Caterina Tomas was born at Valdemuza in Majorca, the daughter of Jacob Tomas, a peasant, and his wife Marquetta Gallart. Pious and serious from an early age, she entered domestic service in Palma, where she was taught to read and embroider. Caterina eventually became an Augustinian nun in the convent of St Maria Maddalena at Palma-Majorca. She experienced mystical revelations and made prophecies. At her death she was honoured as a saint in Majorca (April 1) and was beatified by Pope Pius VI (1792).

Tomasetti, Glen – (1929 – 2003)
Australian lyricist, vocalist, novelist and political activist
Glenys Ann Tomasetti was born (May 21, 1929) in Melbourne, Victoria. She published the novels Thoroughly Decent People (1976) and Man of Letters (1981). Glen Tomasetti died (June 25, 2003) aged seventy-four, in Melbourne.

Tomasevski, Katarina – (1953 – 2006)
Yugoslavian United Nations official and author
Tomasevski was born (Feb 8, 1953), and was appointed as special delegate to the UN Commission on Human Rights, regarding the basic rights of education. She later founded the Right to Education Project (1999). She was the author of Thematic Guide to Human Rights of Women (1995) and, Responding to Human Rights Violation (2000). Katarina Tomasevski died (Oct 4, 2006) aged fifty-three.

Tomaszewicz-Dobrska, Anna – (1854 – 1918)
Polish physician
Tomaszewicz-Dobrska studied medicine in Zurich, Switzerland, despite the objections of her family and worked in Vienna, Berlin, and Russia. With her return to Poland she established her own practice in Krakow, becoming the first woman to be permitted to practice medicine. She married a physician and served for three decades as the head of a lying-in hospital in Warsaw (1882 – 1911).

Tomlinson, Jane – (1964 – 2007)
British radiographer and amateur athlete
Tomlinson was born (Feb 21, 1964) in Rothwell, near Leeds, in Yorkshire. She was voted the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Sports Personality of the Year (2002). Tomlinson published two volumes of memoirs The Luxury of Time (2005) and You Can’ t Take it With You (2006). She was appointed MBE (Member of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (2003). Jane Tomlinson died aged forty-three, of cancer.

Tomlinson, Mary    see    Main, Marjorie

Tompkins, Leonora – (1911 – 1996)
British socialite
Leonora Brooke was the eldest daughter of Sir Charles Vyner de Windt Brooke, the last White Rajah of Sarawak, in Borneo, and his wife Sylvia Margaret Brett. Her aunt was the artist Dorothy Brett, her godfather was Sir James Barrie, author of Peter Pan (1904), and the childhood visits of novelist D.H. Lawrence to the home of Leonora and her sisters inspired his work The Rocking Horse Winner. As her father had no sons, Leonora, as the eldest child and heir, was sent to the capital of Kuching (1922) to be trained for her future role, bearing the title of ‘Dayang Leonora.’
Leonora’s first engagement to a Romanian caused her father to recall her to Borneo from England. She married firstly (1933) to the second Earl of Inchcape, from whom she was divorced, and secondly (1945) to Colonel Francis Tompkins, the head of Intelligence and American headquarters in London.  With the conclusion of World War II Sir Charles ceded Sarawak to Britain as a crown colony, and Leonora retired to the USA to reside there with her second husband in Vermont.

Tompkins, Molly – (1897 – 1956)
American stage actress
Born Mary Arthur, she became an actress with the Ziegfeld Follies and pusued the dramatist, George Bernard Shaw. Shaw refused to allow her to play Eliza Doolittle, the star role of his My Fair Lady fame. With the death of Shaw’s wife (1945) she contacted him with a view to marriage, but he refused to see her.

Tomyris     see    Tamyris

Tonge, Susan   see   Clarencieux, Susan

Tongerloo, Winnifred van    see    Quick, Winnifred Vera

Tooth, Xenia Andreievna     see    Xenia Andreievna

Topeora, Rangi Kuini Wikitoria – (c1803 – before 1873)
New Zealand Maori tribal leader, peacemaker and composer
Topeora had several husbands, and when one of them indulged in a liasion with a slave girl, Topeora had the poor woman killed and eaten. Topeora was one of only five women who signed the Treaty of Waitarangi (1840) with the British. Her portrait was painted in old age by Gottfried Lindauer. She was well known amongst her people as a composer of waita or ‘cursing-songs,’ but was later baptised as a Christian by Bishop Selwyn.

Topham, Mirabel – (1897 – 1980)
British racecourse owner
Born Hope Hillier, she was the daughter of a London theatre manager. She performed as one of the Gaiety Girls and was married (1922) to the horse owner Arthur Topham. She was elected to the board of the Aintree racecourse (1935), which was leased by the Topham family, and later purchased the estate (1949). Mirabel Topham negotiated difficult but successful legal battles with the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) over media rights, but later sold the racecourse for three million pounds (1973).

‘Topolino’    see   Sagan, Ginetta

Topp, Mildred Spurrier – (1897 – 1963)
American novelist
Topp was born (Jan 5, 1897) in Forest City, Illinois. As well as novels she published two autobiographical works In the Pink (1950) and Smile Please (1948). Mildred Topp died (Aug 15, 1963) aged sixty-six, in Mississippi.

Toragina (Toragana, Toregene, Turakina) – (fl. 1229 – 1247)
Mongol queen (khatun) and ruler
Toragina was born a princess of the naiman tribe. She was the wife of Khan Ogodei (1229 – 1241), the son of the great Jenghiz Khan. With her husband’s death which was caused by overindulgence with strong drink, Toragina ruled as regent for their eldest Guyuk Khan. Her husband had intended to pass over Guyuk in favour of his younger grandson Shiramon, whose father had been killed in battle against the Chinese, but Toragina assumed the regency until a new Khan was elected, and this was accepted by the Mongol tribal council (kuriltay), who recognized the queen’s authority.
For the next five years Toragina worked tirelessly in her son’s cause, and ruled as regent with the aid of her Muslim councillor, ‘Abd ar-Rahman, who gossip accused of being responsible for the death of her husband Ogodei. Charming and energetic, but utterly ruthless and avaricious, she proved a commendable regent and manipulative intriguer. After finally managing the election of Guyuk to the Mongol throne (1246) Toragina resigned her powers in his favour and retired to private life as queen mother.

Torcy, Catherine Felicite Arnaud de Pomponne, Marquise de – (1679 – 1755)
French society figure
Catherine Arnaud de Pomponne was the youngest daughter of Simon Arnaud, marquis de Pomponne and his wife Catherine Ladvocat. Her betrothal (1691) with Jean Colbert, marquis de Torcy was designed to assist her father’s career at the court of Louis XIV at Versailles. However, due to the hostility of Colbert’s father to the idea of such a marriage, it did not take place until after the death of Colbert’s father (1696).
The court chronicler, the Duc de Saint-Simon in his Memoires credited Madame de Torcy with intelligence and independence of spirit, and stated that she and her husband led a harmonious domestic life. The marquise once angered Louis XIV at Marly (1707) when she inadvertantly took precedence over a duchess in his prescence. Saint-Simon also speculated that Torcy’s career at court was hampered by the fact that his wife came from such a prominently Jansenist family. Madame de Torcy left two daughters, of whom the elder, Catherine Pauline Colbert de Torcy (1699 – 1773) became the wife of Louis de Plessis, marquis du Plessis-Chatillon, whilst the younger daughter, Constance Colbert de Torcy (1710 – 1734) became the first wife of Augustin Joseph, Comte and Marechal de Mailly, and Marquis d’ Haucourt (1707 – 1794).

Toregene    see   Toragina

Toren, Marta – (1926 – 1957)
Swedish film actress
Toren made films in Hollywood, USA. Her film credits included Casbah (1948), her first film, One-Way Street (1950) Sirocco (1951) and Maddalena (1954).

Torfrida of Flanders – (fl. c1066 – c1080)
Flemish heroine
Torfrida was the first wife of the Anglo-Saxon hero Herward the Wake (c1037 – c1095), hero of the last resistance to William the Conqueror (1071). Blonde and beautiful, Herward married Torfrida during his exile from England. She was devoted to her husband but he callously abandoned her when the opportunity arrived to return home. There he remarried to an Anglo-Saxon heiress, Aelfthryth of Worcester (Elfrida) and began a second family. Torfrida’s fate remains uncrecorded, though their daughter, also called Torfrida was married to a Norman lord Hugh de Envermeu, and left many descendants through the Wake family.

Torlesse, Elizabeth Henrietta – (1836 – 1922) 
New Zealand civic leader
Elizabeth Revell was born in County Wicklow, Ireland the daughter of a farmer, Thomas Revell. Immigrating to New Zealand with her family (1853), she was married (1856) to Henry Torlesse, and resided at Fernside, near Rangiora, and later at Christchurch, her husband having been ordained a minister (1859). In Christchurch Elizabeth became involved in providing assistance for destitute women who were driven into prostitution as a means of survival. Refused funds by the colonial government, she opened a female refuge in 1864 which she ran with her husband until his death (1870). During her long widowhood she kept a small farm at Rangiora, and in 1907 moved to Christchurch. Elizabeth Torlesse died in Christchurch.

Torlonia, Marina – (1916 – 1960)
Italian socialite
Marina Torlonia was the daughter of Marino Torlonia, fourth Prince di Civitella-Cesi and his American wife Elsie Moore, and a descendant of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus (1259 – 1282). Her first husband (1940 – 1951) was the tennis player Francis X. Shields (1909 – 1975) whilst her granddaughter was the American model Brooke Shields (born 1965).

Tornerhjelm, Christine   see   Nilsson, Christine

Tornflycht, Augusta - (1714 - 1780)
Swedish amateur actress
Born Countess Christina Margaret Augusta Tornflycht, into the old aristocracy, Augusta was a member of the coterie which surrounded the salon of Count Magnus Julius de La Gardie and his wife Hedvig Catharina Lilje in Stockholm. Together wiith their daughter Brita Sophia, Augusta performed in amamteur theatricals with the Greve de La Gardie Komedianter (The Comedians of the Count de La Gardie) troupe, managed by the de La Gardie family. These performances were arranged soley for the benefit of the court and aristocracy of Stockholm, and took place at the Torstensonska and Lefebuerska palaces in Stockholm..
Augusta became the wife of Count Wrede-Sparre af Sundby. Her portrait, painted by Gustaf Lundberg (1739) and commissioned by her father-in-law Count Carl Gustaf Tessin, is preserved within the National Museum in Stockholm.

Torra, Celia – (1889 – 1962)
Argentinian violinist and composer
Torra was born (Sept 18, 1889) at Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios. She studied under Alberto Williams and Athos Palma in Buenos Aires, and with Zoltan Kodaly in Budapest, Hungary. Celia was taught the violin by Americo Montenegro and Cesar Thompson.
She later served as the artistic director of the Asociacion Sinfonia Femenina and the Asociacion Coral Argentina. Her works included Rapsodia Entrerriana (1931) and Suite Incaica (1938) for orchestra, and Crespuscular, for chorus and orchestra. Cecilia Torra died in Buenos Aires.

Torrigiani, Clarissa Fiaschi, Marchesa – (1885 – 1975)
Italian-Australian patron and benefactor
A prominent supporter of Sydney Hospital, New South Wales, Clarissa Fiaschi was born (Nov 4, 1885) in Sydney, the daughter of the noted physician and surgeon, Dr Tommaso Enrico Fiaschi (1853 – 1927), and his Australian wife Amy Curtis. Clarrisa was married (1908) in Florence to the Italian peer, Marchese Luigi Torrigiani (1872 – 1968) to whom she bore two daughters. In her father’s memory the marchesa donated the magnificent statue of Il Porcellino (1968) which stands outside the hospital entrance in Macquarie Street. The Marchesa Torrigiani survived her husband and was later killed in a car accident.

Toshiko – (1896 – 1978)
Japanese Imperial princess
Princess Toshiko was born (May 11, 1896), the fourth daughter of the Emperor Meiji (1867 – 1912) and his concubine, the lady-in-waiting, Sono Sachiko. She was half-sister to the Emperor Taisho (1912 – 1926) and aunt to the Emperor Showa (Hirohito) (1926 – 1989). She became the wife of Prince Higashikuni (1887 – 1990). Princess Toshiko died (March 5, 1978) aged eighty-one.

Totnes, Joyce Clopton, Countess of – (1562 – 1637)
English Tudor and Stuart courtier and heiress
Joyce Clopton was baptised (Sept 17, 1562) at Stratford-on-Avon, the eldest daughter and coheiress of William Clopton (1538 – 1592), of Clopton House, near Stratford, Warwick, and his wife Anne, the daughter of Sir George Griffith. Joyce became the wife (1580) of Sir George Carew (1555 – 1629), who was created Lord Carew of Clopton (1604) and first Earl of Totnes (1626) by King James I.
The couple had no children and the Totnes title died out with her husband. Her husband had purchased her old family home of Clopton House (1605) which she retained at his death, but with her demise it was recovered by the Clopton family. She survived her husband as Dowager Countess of Totnes (1629 – 1637). Lady Totnes died (Jan 14, 1637) aged seventy-four, at Twickenham, Middlesex. She was interred in the Clopton Chapel of the Holy Trinity Church, Stratford, where her imposing tomb monument remains. Her effigy wears a fur-lined mantle and a coronet.

Touchet, Marie – (1549 – 1633)
French courtier and royal favourite
Marie Touchet was born in Orleans, the daughter of the Huguenot Jean Touchet, and his wife Marie Mathy. Attached in her youth to the royal Valois court, Marie was chosen to be the mistress of Charles IX by his mother, Catherine de Medici. Genuinely fond of him, despite his chronic illness and bouts of insanity, Marie cared for the sick king with selfless devotion, and never interfered with political matters. He granted her the title of Dame de Belleville. Marie bore Charles two sons, the elder died in infancy, whilst the younger, Charles de Valois (1573 – 1650), was created duc d’Angouleme by Louis XIII (1619).
With Charles’s death Marie was granted a pension by his brother, Henry III, and remained a part of the court surrounding Catherine de Medici. Four years after Charles’s death, Marie was married (1578) to Francois Charles de Balzac, seigneur d’Entragues, by whom she became the mother of Henriette d’Entragues, Marquise de Verneuil, herself the famous mistress of Henry IV. Marie Touchet died (March 28, 1633) aged eighty-three, in Paris.

Toully, Raymonde Louise Marcelle    see    Glory, Marie

Toulmin Smith, Elizabeth    see   Meade, Elizabeth Thomasina

Toulongeon, Francoise de Rabutin-Chantal, Comtesse de – (1599 – 1684)
French literary figure, the aunt of Madame de Sevigne the famous letter writer
Francoise de Rabutin-Chantal was born at the Chateau de Bourbilly, at Dijon, Burgundy, and held the barony of Uchon from birth. Francoise was married in Paris (1620) to Antoine, Comte de Toulongeon (1574 – 1633), to whom she bore seven children. The comte died at Pignerol in Italy (Sept 20, 1633) and Francoise survived him five decades as Dowager Comtesse (1633 – 1684), during which time she attended the court of Louis XIV and Queen Marie Therese at Versailles. Madame de Toulongeon established her own popular salon in Paris, and her niece described the comtesse in her letters as imperious, brilliant, warm-hearted, and possesses of a reputation for avarice.
The comtesse died (Dec 4, 1684) at the Chateau d’Alonne, at Toulonjon in Dijon, aged eighty-five. She was interred within the Chapel of Saint-Francois de sales in the convent of the Visitation at Autun in Burgundy.  Her daughter Gabrielle de Toulongeon (1622 – 1646) was the first wife of her cousin, Roger de Rabutin, Comte de Bussy (1618 – 1693) and left descendants. Her youngest son Francois, Comte de Toulongeon (1633 – 1686) was married bur died childless. Madame de Toulongeon’s remaining five children all died in infancy.

Toulouse, Marie Victoire Sophie de Noailles, Comtesse de – (1688 – 1766)
French Bourbon royal and salonniere
Marie Victoire de Noailles was born (May 6, 1688), the daughter of Anne Jules, Duc de Noailles (1650 – 1708) and his wife Marie Francoise de Bournonville. She was married firstly (1707) to Louis de Pardaillon (1689 – 1712), Marquis de Gondrin, the legitimate grandson of Madame de Montespan, the mistress of Louis XIV. During this period she served as lady-in-waiting to the Duchesse de Bourgogne (later the Dauphine) Marie Adelaide of Savoy. The marquise bore her husband three sons,

Her young husband’s death left her so protracted with grief that her life was despaired of. The marquise remarried secondly (1723) in Paris, to Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (1678 – 1737), the Comte de Toulouse, the son of King Louis and Madame de Montespan, and the uterine half-brother of her first husband. Her second marriage had been a love match, and the Comte and Comtesse de Toulouse established their fashionable court at Rambouillet, which was said to rival that of the Duc de Bourbon and of the young King Louis XV, though conducted on a far more respectable scale.
The king’s first mistress, Madame de Mailly, was a protégé of Madame de Toulouse, whilst he had his own apartments at Rambouillet. With the death of her husband (1737) the comtesse enlisted the aid of Louis XV in preventing the birthright of her son, Louis Jean de Bourbon (1725 – 1793), Duc de Penthievre from being stolen by the Conde family. With the death of the Comte the Conde faction sought to prevent her son having a legitimate connection to the royal family as a prince of the blood. She survived her husband as the Dowager Comtesse de Toulouse for three decades (1737 – 1766). Madame de Toulouse (Sept 30, 1766) aged seventy-eight, at the Hotel de Toulouse, Paris.

Toumanova, Tamara – (1919 – 1996)
Russian ballerina and actress
Tamara Toumanova made appearances in various American films such as Days of Glory (1943), Invitation to Dance (1956) and The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970). She was married to the American writer and producer, Carey Robinson (1903 – 1979).

Touran Amirsoleimani Saltaneh    see    Qamar al-Molouk

Tourel, Jennie – (1900 – 1973)
American mezzo-soprano
Jennie Tourel was the most prominent performer of the operatic roles of Carmen and Mignon in the 1930’s in France. She made her American debut under Arturo Toscanini at the New York Philharmonic (1942). Later she became a faculty member of the Juilliard School of Music from 1957, but continued to sing at recitals.

Tourettes, Julie de Villeneuve-Vence, Marquise de – (1757 – 1827)
French letter writer
Born Marie Madeleine Alexandrine Julie de Villeneuve-Vence (July 28, 1757) in Royan, she was the third daughter of Alexandre de Villeneuve-Vence, Marquis de Vence, and his wife Angelique Louise de La Rochefoucold, the daughter of Alexandre Nicolas de La Rochefoucold, Comte de Surgeres. Julie de Villeneuve was married (1777) at Alpes Maritime to Joseph Guichard Romee de Villeneuve, Marquis de Tourettes (1757 – 1800) to whom she bore two daughters.
A descendant of the famous Madame de Sevigne, the marquise was a woman of extrordinary cultivation, refinement, and intelligence. Her correspondents included the Comte de Thoranne and Cardinal de Beausset. Prior to the Revolution the marquise served at the court of Versailles as a lady-in-waiting (dame du palais) to Marie Therese of Savoy, Comtesse d’Artois. Madame de Tourettes was later arrested by order of the revolutionary government and was incarcerated in the prison of Oiseaux, together with her sister Sophie Roseline, marquise du Perier and her brother-in-law the marquis. They all survived Robespierre’s Terror and were later liberated (Oct, 1794).
The Marquise de Tourettes died (Sept 23, 1827) aged seventy, at the Hotel d’Hinnisdael in the rue de Cassette, Paris, the home of her elder daughter. She was buried firstly in the cemetery of Calvaire du Mont-Valerien, but was later reinterred with her daughter Melanie in the chapel of the Hinnisdael familu at Ferfay-en-Artois, Pas-de-Calais. Her children were,

Tourtel, Mary – (1874 – 1948)
British children’s writer and illustrator
Mary Tourtel was born in Canterbury, Kent, and attended the Canterbury Art School. She was the originator of the extremely popular ‘Rupert the Bear’ cartoon strip, which was carried by the Daily Express (1920 – 1935) and subsequent newspapers. Tourtel produced around fifty volumes of the ‘Rupert’ series which were considered sufficiently adult in mental expression to please older readers.

Tourzel, Marquise de    see   Pons, Augustine Eleonore de

Tourzel, Louise Elisabeth Felicite de Croy d’Havre, Duchesse de – (1749 – 1832)
French courtier and memoirist
Louise Elisabeth de Croy d’Havre was the daughter of Louis Ferdinand de Croy, Duc d’Havre, and his wife Marie Louise Cunigonde de Montmorency-Luxembourg. She married to Francois Louis de Sourche, marquis de Tourzel, to whom she bore a large family of children. Widowed in 1786 after her husband was killed in a carriage accident in the grounds of the Palace of Versailles, her moral reputation was such that Queen Marie Antoinette requested her services (1789) as governess to the Dauphin Louis Charles (Louis XVII), and his sister Madame Royale.
The marquise and her daughter Pauline shared the royal family’s imprisonment in the Tuileries Palace, and accompanied them of the ill-fated escape to Varennes (1792). Arrested and brought before the Revolutionary tribunal, the marquise impressed them with her courage and reputation, and was released. With the advent of Napoleon, the marquise retired to a contemplative religious life.  At the Restoration of Louis XVIII (1814), he recognized Mme de Tourzel’s services to his late brother and his family, and created her a duchess. Her memoirs were later published by the Duc des Cars as Memoires de Mme de Tourzel, gouvernante des Enfants de France (1883, 2 vols).

Townley, Susan Mary Keppel, Lady – (1868 – 1953)
British diplomatic wife, traveller and memoirist
Lady Susan Keppel was born (May 5, 1868) the daughter of William Coutts Keppel (1832 – 1894), seventh Earl of Albemarle, and his wife Sophia Mary, the daughter of Sir Allan Napier McNab (1798 – 1862), Prime Minister of Canada. Lady Susan was married (1896) to the diplomat Sir Walter Beaupre Townley (1863 – 1945) who served as Minister Plenipotentiary at the court of The Hague. She survived her husband as the Dowager Lady Townley (1945 – 1953). They had no children.
Lady Townley received the Grand Cordon Turkish Order of Chefakat. She had letters published in The Times, and was the author of two volumes of travel memoirs My Chinese Note Book (1904) and ‘Indiscretions’ of Lady Susan (1922). Lady Townley died (June 26, 1953) aged eighty-five.

Townsend, Mitzie – (c1935 – 1974)
Jamaican actress, poet, dramatist and scriptwriter
Townsend was the author of Apartment to Let (1965) and Guyana Drums (1972). Mitzie Townsend died in Guyana.

Townshend, Catherine    see   Johnson, Kay

Townshend, Gwladys Sutherst, Marchioness of – (1883 – 1959)
British horse-breeder
Born Gwladys Ethel Gwendoline Eugenie Sutherst, she was the elder daughter of Thomas Sutherst, a barrister. She was married firstly (1905) to Sir John James Dudley Stuart Townshend (1866 – 1921), sixth Marquess Townshend, and was the mother of two children including Sir George Townshend (born 1916), who succeeded his father as seventh Marquess. Lady Townshend was married secondly to Bernard Le Strange (1900 – 1958), of Hunstanton Hall in Norfolk, the Hereditary Lord High Admiral of the Wash.
Always interested in hose breeding, Lady Townshend’s stud Oran was mated with the Polish mare Nawana, and thus founded the Sky Arabian breed from the Crabbet stud. The horses she bred at Raynham from the blend of Polish and Crabbet proved highly successful in all spheres. Lady Townshend was the founder and president of the Officer’s Sunday Club (1914 – 1918) and again during WW II (1940 – 1946). She was elected as mayor of King’s Lynn, Norfolk in 1928 and 1929, and was president of the Royal Norfolk Agricultural Association. Lady Townshend died (Oct 10, 1959) aged seventy-six.

Townshend, Lena Moncrieff – (1911 – 2004)
British Conservative politician and cultural promoter, she was born nee Westropp (Nov 3, 1911) in Cairo, Egypt. Lena Townshend became the leader of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) (1967 – 1970) and was later appointed as president of the Anglo-Egyptian Association (1961 – 1987) which position she held for over twenty-five years. For this service she was made CBE (Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1974). Lena Townshend died (Nov 17, 2004) aged ninety-three.

Traba, Marta – (1930 – 1983) 
Argentinian novelist and literary critic
Traba was born in Argentina the daughter of Spanish immigrants. She studied literature at the Universidad Nacional. Marta Traba resided most of her life in Bogota, Colombia and founded the magazine Prisma (1954) and the Bogota Museum of Art (1965). She was awarded the Casa de las Americas Prize (1966) for her novel Las ceremonias del verano (Ceremonies of Summer). Her later works included Homerica Latina (Homeric Latin) (1979) and En cualquier lugar (Anywhere) (1984). Maria Traba was expelled from Spain for publicly protesting against the military prescence at the Bogota University (1967) but was permitted to return. Marta Traba was killed in a plane crash.

Tracia – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Tracia perished in Thrace during the perseuctions instigated by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. She refused to abjure her faith and was executed. She was venerated as a saint (Sept 29) and her feast was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Trafford, Lady Elizabeth    see    Cartwright, Elizabeth Constance Mary Bertie, Lady

Tragett, Margaret see Larminie, Margaret Rivers

Traill, Beattie (Beatrice) – (1841 – 1924)
Australian heroine
Popularly known as ‘the Grace Darling of Tasmania’ after she bravely rescued a drowning seaman in the dangerous Tamar River (1863) whilst famously wearing a crinoline. An expert swimmer from childhood, her mother had asked Beattie if she could not try to reach the one nearly unconscious man in the group of four who had not managed to make it ashore. Such was the danger that several grown men refused to help Beattie believing she would only die herself. Defying the odds she tied a rope around her waist and plunged in fully dressed, being weighed up by her crinoline. She proved successful and the man was saved. Shortly before her death the heroic tale was recounted in the Launceston Telegraph newspaper (1922).

Traill, Catherine Parr – (1802 – 1899)
Anglo-Canadian author and traveller
Catherine Parr Strickland was born in Kent, England, the sister to writer Samuel Strickland. She was the elder sister to writer Susanna Moodie, and travelled throughout Canada with her second husband Thomas Traill after their marriage (1832). Catherine Traill wrote nature books for children as a young woman, but was forced to write in order to bring some income for the family. She was best known for her work which depicted the hard Canadian frontier life sufferred by many contemporary women The Backwood of Canada: Being Letters from the Wife of an Emigrant Officer; Illustrative of the Domestic Economy of British America (1836), which was published anonymously, and for the Female Emigrant’s Guide (1854). Catherine Parr Traill died aged ninety-seven.

Traill, Jessie Constance Alicia – (1881 – 1967)
Australian painter and etcher
Traill was born in Brighton, Victoria, and studied etching under John Mather and Frank Brangwyn. She also studied under Fred McCubbin at the National Gallery School in Melbourne and in London and Paris. Jessie Traill was a foundation member of the Australian Painters & Etchers Society and received a gold and bronze medal for her etching at the Panama Pacific Exhibition (1914). Her work was exhibited with the Royal Academy and the Society of Graphic Artists in London, and with the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors. Examples of her work were preserved in the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the Art Gallery of South Australia.

Tranquillina, Sabinia Furia – (fl. 241 – 244 AD)
Roman Augusta
Sabinia Furia Tranquillina was the daughter of the praetorian prefect Timesitheus, and became the wife (241 AD) of the young Emperor Gordian III (225 – 244 AD). She was accorded the rank of Augusta. Empress Tranquillina was represented by surviving coinage which portrayed her as Venus Victrix, the victorious goddess of love. An antonianus coin, minted in 242 AD, portrays a bust of the empress behind a crescent, with the inscription, SABINIA TRANQUILLINA AVG. The reverse side portrays Tranquillina and Gordian clasping hands with the legend, CONCORDIA AVG.  Her father died, either naturally, or by treachery (243 AD), and the emperor Gordian himself was murdered several months later (Feb 25, 244 AD). Nothing is recorded of Tranquillina’s fate.

Trant, Clarissa – (1800 – 1844)
Irish traveller and author
Trant was born in Lisbon, Portugal, the daughter of an army officer who had served with Napoleon I. Until she married (1832) she lived an unsettled and fragmented life throughout Europe. She was the author of The Journal of Clarissa Trant 1800 – 1832, published in London (1925).

Trapnel, Anna – (fl. 1642 – 1660)
English prophetess
Anna Trapnel was born in Stepney, London, the daughter of a shipwright. She joined the congregation led by the Fifth Monarchist preacher John Simpson at All Hallows (1642), and sold her jewellery during the Civil War in order to support the Parliamentarian cause, though she later disavowed Oliver Cromwell. Trapnel claimed millenarian visions of Christ’s imminent return, and even experienced a cataleptic trance in Whitehall (1654). Her prophecies were recorded and published in The Cry of a Stone (1654) and she left a narrative account of a trip to Cornwall entitled Anna Trapnel’s Report and Plea (1654). Accused of undermining the government she was arrested and imprisoned in Bridewell.

Trapp, Bernardine – (1914 – 1999)
Irish-Australian Roman Catholic nun
Trapp was born in Langford, Ireland. She became a nun with the Sisters of Mercy, and worked for homeless women and the disenfranchised in the outback of Australia, spending thirty years with the Aborigines in the Wilcannia-Broken Hill region of New South Wales. Sister Bernardine also worked in London, where she established St Martin of Tours Housing. Sister Bernardine died in Cronulla, Sydney.

Trapp, Maria Augusta Kutschera, Baroness von – (1905 – 1987)
Austrian vocalist
Maria Augusta Kutschera was training as a nun in the Tyrolean Alps, when she was sent to be a governess to the seven children of the widowed Baron Georg von Trapp, an Austrian officer (1926). The couple were married (1927) and she bore him three more children. With the invasion of Austria by the German Nazis, the family fled across the Austrian Alps on foot before reaching safety in America. There, in order to survive, they established themselves as the Trapp Family Singers, and adopted Tyrolean national costume as a feature of their performances. Their repertoire included Gregorian chants and British madrigals and they toured as a group until 1957.
They established themselves in Vermont, and the Baroness wrote her book The Trapp Family Singers which was the basis for the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music (1959), which was later made world famous as the film (1965) starring Christopher Plummer and Dame Julie Andrews as the baron and Maria. From 1980 the baroness ran the family business, a hotel in Vermont. She retired in 1985 due to ill-health, and died eighteen months later.

Traquair, Phoebe Anna – (1852 – 1936)
Irish embroiderer, illustrator and enameller
Phoebe was born in Dublin and attended the Dublin School of Art. She was married firstly (1873) to Ramsay Traquair, the head of the Natural History Museum in Edinburgh. Phoebe Traquair became especially known for her exquisite enamel work, much of which featured religious themes. As well as church commissions she produced work for the noted architect Sir Robert Lorimer and was awarded medals from various international exhibitions.

Trask, Betty (Margaret Elizabeth) – (1895 – 1983) 
British romantic novelist
Famous for her popular ‘bodice-rippers’ such as Cotton Glove Country (1928), Desire Me Not (1935) and Thunder Rose (1952), Betty Trask lived mostly as a recluse and shunned all publicity. Betty Trask died in Frome, Somerset, and left an enormous bequest of almost half a million pounds in order to establish an annual literary award for novelists.

Trask, Katrina – (c1849 – 1922)
American author
Katrina Nichols was the daughter of George Nichols and his wife Christina Cole, and was educated at home under the supervision of a governess. She was married (1874) to the banker Spencer Trask, but left no surviving children. With her husband’s death Katrina Trask retired to her estate at Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York, where she resided for much of the remainder of her life. During her retirement she devoted herself to writing. She was the author of King Alfred’s Jewel, The Mighty and the Lowly (1915) and Sonnets and Lyrics amongst other published works. Katrina Trask died (Jan 7, 1922) at Yaddo.

Traubel, Helen Francesca – (1899 – 1972) 
American soprano
Helen Traubel was born in St Louis, Missouri, and made her stage debut there (1923). Famous for her command of Wagnerian roles, Traubel appeared at the New York Metropolitan as Sieglinde (1939) and became the leading singer of such roles at that opera house. Traubel left the Metropolitan after a dispute concerning her private nightclub performances (1953). She worked in film and television and wrote several detective novels.

Travers, Rebecka – (1609 – 1688) 
English Quaker and writer
Rebecka Travers was the wife of a tobacconist in Watling Street, London. She was converted to Quakerism by James Nayler, and became a prominent supporter of the sect. She visited fellow Quakers in prison and herself sufferred a period in prison. George Fox regularly stayed in her London house and she was a member of the London Women’s Meeting and was permitted to conduct Quaker marriages. Her published works included Testimonies concerning several other prominent Quaker women.

Travis, Doris Eaton   see   Eaton, Doris

Treadway, Charlotte – (1895 – 1963)
American film actress
Charlotte Treadway was born (May 18, 1895) in Louisiana. Her film credits included Female Fugitive (1938) and Shadow of Suspicion (1944). Charlotte Treadway died (Feb 26, 1963) aged sixty-seven, in Hollywood, California.

Tredway, Lettice Mary – (1593 – 1677) 
English Catholic educator
Lettice Tredway was the daughter of Sir Walter Tredway of Beckley, Buckinhamgshire. She originally became an Augustinian nun at Douai in Flanders, but later abandoned convent life (1624) and established at English convent school in Douai. Richard Smith, Bishop of Chalcedon gained permission from Louis XIII of France for Lettice to establish a school for Catholic girls in Paris (1633) over which she ruled as abbess. Twenty years afterwards French girls were given admittance (1655).

Tree, Ann Maria    see   Bradshaw, Ann Maria

Tree, Iris – (1897 – 1968)
British actress, poet, eccentric, society wit and adventuress
Iris Tree was the daughter of the noted actor Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. Tree published two collections of verse Poems (1920) and The Traveller and Other Poems (1927), and appeared as herself in Federico Fellini’s famous film La Dolce Vita (1959).

Tree, Joanne    see    Winship, Joanne Tree

Tree, Marietta Peabody – (1926 – 1991)
American United Nations delegate and philanthropist
Marietta Peabody was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the daughter of Malcolm Endicott Peabody, the Episcopalian Bishop of Central New York. Marietta Peabody Tree died (Aug 15, 1991) in New York.

Tree, Maud – (1863 – 1937) 
British stage and film actress
Born Helen Maud Holt in London, she attended Queen’s College London, where she studied the classics and drama. Her first stage appearance was in The Millionaire at the Court Theatre (1883). At this time she was married to the actor and theatre manager, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1853 – 1917) and they became the parents of the actress Viola Tree. Maud Tree was a popular performer of comic and classical roles, and also appeared in works by George Bernard Shaw. She later became the director of the Wyndham Theatre, and continued to act into old age, also appearing in several films. She retired only in1935.

Treen, Mary – (1907 – 1989)
American film and television actress and commedienne
Her film credits included Ever Since Eve (1937), They All Kissed the Bride (1942), It’s a Wonderful Life (1946) and Rockabye Baby (1958). She appeared in the popular television series The Joey Bishop Show (1962 – 1965).

Trefusis, Anne    see    Dowriche, Anne

Trefusis, Mary Lygon, Lady – (1869 – 1927)
British courtier
Lady Mary Lygon was born (Feb 26, 1869) the eldest daughter of Frederick Lygon, sixth Earl Beauchamp, and his wife Lady Mary Catherine Stanhope. She was married to Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Trefusis (in full Hepburn-Stuart-forbes-Trefusis) (1864 – 1948). Lady Lygon served at court as lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary, wife of George V (1910 – 1935), first as Duchess of York (1895 – 1901), then as Princess of Wales (1901 – 1910), and finally as queen (1910 – 1927) her period of royal service exceeding three decades. Lady Lygon died (Sept 12, 1927) aged fifty-eight.

Trefusis, Violet – (1894 – 1972)
British novelist
Violet Keppel was the elder daughter of George Keppel and his wife Alice Frederica Edmonstone. Her paternal grandfather was the Earl of Albemarle, and her mother, Mrs Keppel, was the last mistress of Edward VII (1901 – 1910). Violet married Denis Trefusis, but became involved in a scandalous lesbian relationship with her childhood friend, the novelist and biographer Vita Sackville-West, which seriously threatened the latter’s marriage.

Tremaine, Paul    see   Johnson, Georgia Douglas

Trenchard, Katherine Isabel Salvin Bowlby, Lady – (1892 – 1960)
British military organizer
Katherine Bowlby was the second daughter of Edward Salvin Bowlby, of Gilston Park, Hertfordshire, and Knoydart, Inverness-shire, Scotland. Katherine was married to Captain Hon. (Honourable) James Boyle (1880 – 1918), a younger son of David Boyle, seventh Earl of Glasgow, who was killed in action during WW I. She bore him three children. Mrs Boyle was remarried (1920) to Sir Hugh Montague (1873 – 1956), who was later created Baron (1930) and then Viscount Trenchard (1936). She bore him two sons.
Lady Trenchard volunteered for the war effort, and became the chief Commandant of the ATS (Auxiliary Territorial Service) during WW II (1938 – 1941). She survived her husband as the Dowager Viscountess Trenchard (1956 – 1960). Lady Trenchard died (March 5, 1960). Her two sons were,

Trenholme, Clementina     see    Fessenden, Clementina

Treu, Katharina – (c1743 – 1811)
German painter
Katharina Treu was the daughter of a Jewish artist who converted to Christianity, and taught her and her sister as his pupils. Katharina was married to the wealthy Jakob Konig for several years, but the marriage eventually disintegrated, and she painted portraits professionally in order to survive. Examples of her work including her Still Life, survive in nine prestigious museums such as those at Karlsruhe, Dusseldorf, and Wurzburg. She executed commissions for Cardinal Franz von Hutten, and travelled to England to produce others. Later elected as a professor of the Dusseldorf Academy (1776), her daughters, Franziska and Elisabeth Konig were her pupils.

Trevanion, Elizabeth    see   Monmouth, Elizabeth Trevanion, Countess of

Trevelyan, Hilda – (1877 – 1959) 
British actress
Born Hilda Tucker, she joined a successful touring troupe at the early age of fourteen (1891). Trevelyan was the original Wendy in J.M. Barrie’s production of Peter Pan (1904) and played the title role in Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree’s production of Oliver Twist (1905). Hilda Trevelyan was admired in the role of Maggie Wiley in What Every Woman Knows (1908) and in A Kiss for Cinderella (1916). She was married to Sydney Blow, the noted actor and dramatist.

Trevor, Claire – (1909 – 2000)
American film star
Born Claire Wemlinger (March 8, 1909) in New York, she studied at Columbia University and at the American Academy of the Dramatic Arts. Claire Trevor won an Emmy award for her performance in the television movie Dodsworth (1957). Her sixty film credits included roles in Stagecoach (1939), Farewell My Lovely/Murder my Sweet (1944), Johnny Angel (1945) and Marjorie Morningstar (1958). She was twice nominated for an Academy Award for Dead End (1937) and The High and Mighty (1954), and won one for her performance of the torch singer in Key Largo (1948). Claire Trevor died (April 8, 2000) aged ninety-one, at Newport Beach, California.

Trevor, Rosamond Petre, Lady    see   Bantry, Rosamond Catherine Petre, Countess of

Triaria, Junia Calvina Milonia Caecina Alba Terentia – (fl. 68 – 69 AD)
Roman patrician and civil war heroine
Triaria was the wife of Lucius Vitellius, the brother of the emperor Vitellius (68 – 69 AD). She warned the city prefect Flavius Sabinus, not to seek a reputation for mildness by endangering the person of the emperor in the attempt. During the capture of the town of Tarracina she rode on horseback carryinga soldier’s sword. The Italian Boccacio praised Triaria for her bravery.

Triduana – (fl. c350 – c400 AD)
Scottish nun and virgin saint
Triduana may have been of Cornish origins. She came to Scotland with St Regulus (Rule) and resided as a virgin recluse at Rescobie in Angus. According to worthless legend, she is said to have plucked out her own eyes and sent them to a local chieftain who had admired their beauty. Historically however, Triduana later removed to Restalrig, near Edinburgh where a well named for her was said to possess remarkable restorative powers for treating diseases of the eyes. Revered as a saint (Oct 8) her church at Restalrig was destroyed during the Reformation.

Trieu thi Trinh – (227 – 248 AD)
Vietnamese heroine
Trieu thi Trinh liberated the country from Chinese overlordship for over a year, commanding an army of several thousand supporters of both sexes. She herself participated in over thirty major battles against the Chinese invaders. Eventually the Chinese prevailed and Trieu thin Trinh committted suicide. She is represented in ancient Vietnamese art as a vigorous warrior queen.

Trilling, Diana – (1905 – 1996)
American author and literary critic
Born Diana Rubin (July 21, 1905) in New York, she covered the sensational trial of murderess Jean Harris and published Mrs Harris: The Death of the Scarsdale Diet Doctor. Trilling also published her autobiography The Beginning of the Journey (1993). Diana Trilling died (Oct 23, 1996) aged ninety-one, in New York.

Trimble, Joan – (1915 – 2000)
Irish pianist, composer and newspaperwoman
Joan Trimble attended Trinity College in Dublin. Her compositions included The Humours of Carrick and Buttermilk Point. She became the editor and managing director of The Impartial Reporter (1977 – 2000).

Trimmer, Sarah – (1741 – 1810)
British author and religious promoter for children
Sarah Kirby was born at Ipswich in Suffolk, the daughter of the painter John Kirby. She later lived with her family in London, and was married (1762) to John Trimmer of Brentford, whom she survived. Her twelve children all predeceased her. Sarah Trimmer used her own experience as a home educator of children to establish Sunday Schools, which were used for the instruction of adults as well. She was consulted by Queen Charlotte concerning the same idea which the queen wished to see followed at Windsor in Berkshire. Trimmer wrote children’s picture books and educational manuals.

Trintignant, Marie – (1962 – 2003)
French film and television actress
Marie Trintignant was born (Jan 21, 1962) in Boulogne-Billancourt, the daughter of the noted actor, Jean Louis Trintigant. Her mother was Trintignant’s second wife, the director Nadine Marquand. Her film roles included an appearance in Bertolucci’s The Conformist (1970) as a young girl, Three Colours: Red (1994) and Marie later appeared with her father in Janis and John (2004) which was released posthumously. She received best actress awards for her roles in Le cri de la soie (1997) and Comme elle respire (1999), and best supporting actress for several others including Une affaire de femmes (1989) and Le Cousin (1998).
Marie was involved in various liasions, including with the actor, Francois Cluzot, and the director, Samuel Benchetrit, and bore several children. Marie Trintignant died (Aug 1, 2003) aged forty-one, in Vilnius, Lithuania, whilst on location for a film, being beaten to death by her boyfriend, the French rock singer, Bertrand Cantat. The case became a cause celebre with the media and Cantat eventually served four years in prison for manslaughter (2003 – 2007).

Trisler, Joyce – (1934 – 1979)
American dancer, choreographer and teacher
Trisler was born in Los Angeles, California. After graduating from the University of California in Los Angeles, she studied dance with Lester Horton, Hanya holm, Robert Joffrey, and Antony Tudor. Joyce became one of the foremost authorities on the techniques of the modern dance innovator, Lester Horton. She was one of the first members of the Lester Horton Dance Theater in Los Angeles, and made her debut in New York (1953).
Becoming a member of the Juilliard Dance Theater (1955 – 1959), she worked in close association with Doris Humphrey. She performed with Alvin Ailey during his company’s first European tour (1964), and choreographed the Broadway musicals La Strada and Ambassador, as well as productions of Titus Andronicus, Peer Gynt and Timon of Athens. Joyce Trisler founded (1974) Danscompany, a group of young students and professionals known for their appreciation of the work of dancer Ruth St Dennis. She had an impressive career as a dance educator in New York, teaching at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the New Dance Group Studies. Joyce Trisler died of a heart attack in Manhattan, New York.

Tristan, Flora Celeste Therese Henriette – (1803 – 1844)
French socialist and author
Born Flora Tristan y Moscosal in Paris, she was the illegitimate daughter of a Frenchwoman and a Peruvian nobleman from South America. Her education had been limited. Her marriage (1821) with the lithographer Chazal proved unhappy. Flora Tristan travelled to Peru (1833) in order to organize matters concerning an inheritance there. With her return to France she became connected with the publication of the Gazette des Femmes, and after a visit to London she published her observation of working-class conditions in Promenade dans Londres (1840). However she was best known for championship of female emancipation, and was the author of L’Union ouvriere (1843).

Triteuta – (fl. c240 – 231 BC)
Greek queen
Triteuta was the wife of King Agron of Illyria (c275 – 231 BC) and was the mother of his son King Pinnes. When her husband died his stepmother Teuta ruled as regent even though Triteuta was then still living. This would seem to indicate that Teuta was the chief royal wife and Triteuta only a secondary consort.

Trivulzio, Cristina – (1808 – 1871)
Italian patriot and author
Cristina was born in Milan, Lombardy, the daughter of the Marchese Trivulzio. A woman of striking and memorable appearance, she married Prince Belgiojoso, whom she then accompanied to France. In Paris her home and salon became a social and literary centre from (1835 – 1843), and a refuge for exiles. She founded the Gazetta Italiana newspaper (1843). During the Italian Revolution (1848) the princess returned to Italy and raised a company of volunteers in Naples.
However, baulked of her hopes of providing any practical assistance, Cristina returned to Paris, where she worked as a nurse, tending the wounded rebels in Rome, during the siege by the French (1849). Cristina Trivulzio never ceased to agitate for Italian unity by way of founding several short-lived newspapers for the purpose. Allowed to return to Milan (1855), her confiscated property was later returned to her (1857). Her reminscences include Souvenirs d’exil (1850), Emma (1856) and Sciences de la vic terque (1858). Her last work was Reflexions sur l’etat de l’Italie et sur son avenir (1863). Cristina Trivulzio died in Milan.

Trivulzio, Francesca – (c1482 – 1560)
Italian heroine
Francesca was the daughter of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Marchese di Vigevano, and cousin of Count Alessandro Trivulzio. She became the wife (1500) of Ludovico Pio, Count di Mirandola (1472 – 1509), to whom she bore three children. The contessa was a friend of the famous author and courtier, Conte Baldassare di Castiglione. Her husband was killed in battle fighting with the papal forces of Julius II against the Venetians (1509), but in 1511, the pope became determined to capture the fortified city of Mirandola.
The countess, supported by her cousin Alessandro, and a troop of French cavalry, refused to surrender the city, and was besieged by combined papal and Venetian forces, the pope himself leading the siege. Francesca was finally forced to surrender (Jan, 1511) after the city walls were breached, but her message of surrender was still defiant. The pope was so impressed by the countess’s bravery and spirit that he sent her an escort, and allowed her to leave the city with her children in all honour. The contessa survived these events by almost five decades and never remarried. Francesca Trivulzio died at Mirandola (Nov, 1560), aged in her late seventies. Her children were,

Troas(fl. c370 – c350 BC)
Greek queen of Epirus
Troas was the elder daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus, and was married (c360 BC) to her uncle, King Arrybas (c390 – c323 BC), whom she predeceased. Queen Troas was the mother of his son and successor, King Aeakides (c357 – 314 BC). Her younger sister Olympias was married Philip II of Macedon and was the mother of Alexander the Great.

Trollope, Frances (Fanny) – (1780 – 1863)
British novelist
Born Frances Milton at Stapleton, near Bristol, she was married (1809) to barrister Thomas Anthony Trollope (1774 – 1835) and one of her six children was the famous novelist Anthony Trollope (1815 – 1882). Due to her husband’s severe financial problems the family removed to Cinncinati in Ohio (1827 – 1830). With her return to England Fanny Trollope used her own experiences in and observations of America for her book Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), which caused much offence in the USA. Her novels included The Widow Barnaby (1839) and The Widow Married (1840). Fanny Trollope later travelled to Italy and settled in Florence (1843) where she died.

Trophima – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Trophima was arrested in Alexandria, Egypt during the extensive persecutions pursued by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia. She refused to reject her faith and was put to death. She was venerated as a saint (July 13) her feast being recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Trotter, Catherine    see   Cockburn, Catherine

Trotter, Olivia Georgiana Wellesley, Lady – (1857 – 1956)
British volunteer worker
Olivia Wellesley was born (Sept 29, 1857) and became the wife (1890) of Sir Henry Trotter (died 1919), the Consul-General in Romania (1894 – 1906). She was the mother of Angela Trotter (1897 – 1981), Countess of Limerick. Lady Trotter performed valuable work for the war effort during WW I, organising hospital units and comforts for the troops. She was created D.G.ST.J (Daughter of Grace of St John of Jerusalem) in recognition of her work, and received the Medalle de la Reine Elisabeth of Belgium. Lady Trotter died (Feb 28, 1956) aged ninety-eight.

Trottle, Soekie    see   Empson, Lady

Trotula Platearius – (c1030 – 1097)
Italian obstetrician and medical practitioner
Trotula was a lecturer in childbirth at the University of Salerno in Sicily. Trotula is regarded as one of the earliest known female medical practitioners, and may have written a treatise on gynaecology, which survived until the fifteenth century.

Troubetzkaia, Amelie Rives, Princess    see   Rives, Amelie

Troubetzkaia, Katherine Laval, Princess – (1804 – 1855)
Franco-Russian aristocrat, political figure and exile
Katherine Laval was born into an émigré family, and was married to the Russian prince, Sergei Troubetzky. Her husband was implicated in the Decembrist uprising against Tsar Nicholas I (1825), and was banished for life to Siberia. Katherine was permitted to accompany her husband, shared his hardships and died there.

Trout, Evelyn – (1905 – 2003)
American aviatrix and dare-devil flyer
Trout became the first woman pilot to fly an all-night route. She was the last surviving participant in the All-Women’s Transcontinental Air Race from Santa Monica, California, to Cleveland in Ohio (1929). Evelyn Trout died aged ninety-seven.

Troy, Doris – (1937 – 2006)
Barbadian-American rhythmn and blues vocalist
Born Doris Payne (Jan 6, 1937) in the Bronx, New York, she was popularly known as ‘Mama Soul.’ Doris Troy was famous for songs such as ‘Just One Look’ which she co-wrote and recorded. The popular musical Mama, I Want to Sing, was based on Troy’s life and written by her sister. Doris Troy died (Feb 16, 2004) aged sixty-nine, in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Troy, Una – (1910 – 1993)
Irish novelist, dramatist and screenwriter
Her published novels included We Are Seven, The Castle That Nobody Wanted, A Sack of Gold (1979) and So True a Fool (1981). Troy’s plays included, Swans and Geese and An Apple a Day, whilst she co-wrote the movie script She Didn’t Say No. Una Troy died at Bonmahon, near Waterford.

Troyanos, Tatiana – (1938 – 1993)
Greek-American mezzo-soprano
Troyanos was born (Sept 12, 1938) in New York, and learned the piano as a child. She later worked as a secretary in a publishing company, and studied singing under Hans Heinze. Julius Rudel signed her as a singer with the New York City Opera (1963), and she made her operatic debut as Hippolyta in Benjamin Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. She then performed the role of Queen Jocasta in Stravinsky’s opera Oedipus Rex.
Troyanos later joined the Hamburg State Opera in Germany (1965) and made her French debut as the Composer in Richard Strauss’s opera Ariadne auf Naxos (1966) at Aix-en-Provence. She later sang at the Metropolitan in New York, and performed such roles as Countess Geschwitz in Lulu, Adalgisa in Norma, Carmen, Charlotte in Werther, Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier, Santuzza in Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana, and Kundry in Wagner’s Parsifal. Tatiana Troyanos died (Aug 21, 1993) aged fifty-four, in Manhattan.

Trubnikova, Marya Vasilievna – (1835 – 1897)
Russian feminist and social reformer
Mariya Vasilievna Ivasheva was the daughter of the Decembrist rebel Vladimir Ivashev, and was born in Chita, Siberia. Marya was raised and educated by her grandmother and was married (1853) to Konstantin Trubnikov. A champion of the newly emerging feminist movement in Russia, Marya was one of the first female supporters of social democratization. Together with Anna Filosova and Nadezhda Stasova, Trubnikova establish philanthropic societies to provide education and livelihoods for poor women. She was a woman of extensive organizational capabilities, she co-founded the first Women’s Publishing Co-Operative, which published their own literary works and sponsored sewing shops and Sunday schools to promote education amongst the poor.

Trud, Ger    see   Isolani, Gertrud

Trung Tac – (c15 – 43 AD)
Vietnamese warrior heroine
Trung Tac was the wife of a chief of the Lac nobility in Me Linh, who was put to death by the ruling Chinese government (40 AD). Her sister Trung Nhi was also believed to have been married to this chief, though some accounts of this period, erroneously describe the two women as his daughters. The two sisters led the Lac opposition in rebellion against the capture of Lien Lau (March, 40 AD). The government panicked and fled, and Trung Tac was proclaimed queen of an independent Viet state.
Her forces gained control of most of the coast, besieging some sixty of the Chinese government’s walled fortresses. By the end of 41 AD, the queen’s supporters had gained control of extensive territories, almost to the Huc in the south, and northward into the provinces of southern China. However, by May-June, 42 AD, the Chinese emperor Guangwudi sent general Ma Yuan to subdue the Trung rebellion, and he finally defeated the Lac forces in battle near Lang Bac (April, 43 AD). Queen Trung Tac was captured and beheaded, her sister meeting the same fate some months later. In Vietnamese history these two sisters long remained enshrined as a symbol of national independence.

Truro, Baroness    see   Este, Augusta Emma d’

Truth, Sojourner – (1797 – 1883)
Black American abolitionist and author
Truth was born into slavery in Ulster County, New York, and received the name Isabella Von Wagener. After having several owners she was later emancipated (1827) and gave herself the name of Sojourner Truth which she adopted sixteen years later (1843). A gifted and compelling orator, she quickly became a popular lecturer, supporting abolitionist and women’s rights causes, despite the fact of her own basic illiteracy, though she was able to quote the Bible with no difficulty at all.
She produced her own autobiography Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave (1850), and became famous for her speech at the women’s convention held at Akron in Ohio, entitled ‘A’in’t I a Woman’ (1851) which symbolised the right of black American women to be included within the ranks of the women’s movement. Her contemporary Harriet Tubman wrote the article Sojourner Truth: The Libyan Sibyl (1863) which was published in the Atlantic Monthly, which helped to draw journalistic attention to her fight. She retired in 1875. Sojourner Truth died in Battle Creek, Michigan.

Truthgeba    see    Lioba

Tryphaena    see    Antonia Tryphaena

Tryphoniana – (fl. c242 AD)
Roman Imperial patrician
Tryphoniana is recorded by surviving inscription as the wife of Gaius Julius Priscus, the prefect of Mesopotamia who served as praetorian prefect (242 – 243 AD). Her husband was the younger brother the Emperor Philip I the Arabian (244 – 249 AD).

Ts’ai-yen – (c162 – c239 AD)
Chinese poet
Her father was a friend of the warlord, Ts’ao Ts’ao, and a man of some literary note. When she was a widow she was captured by Tartars, who took her north where she was forced to become the concubine to a chieftain to whom she bore two sons. Later, Ts’ao Ts’ao ransomed her, and she was married to one of his officers, but her children were left behind. Traditionally regarded as the first great female Chinese poet her work Eighteen Verses Sung to a Tartar Reed Whistle, reveal her intense loneliness and fear in her alien surroundings, as well as the depths of her despair for her homeland.

Tsandzile Ndwandwe – (c1800 – c1875)
Queen of Swaziland
Tsandzile Ndwandwe was the daughter of Zidze, chief of the Ndwandwe, and was married (c1815) at Labamba, to the future King Sobhuza I, then at the height of his military power, by her own consent as his chief wife. Tsandzile was an artist in intricate beadwork, and a composer of lyric and dance. Two of the chants still used by the Swazi during the king’s coronation are attributed to her. With her husband’s death (1836), Tsandzile was formally installed as queen-mother, and she ruled jointly with their son, Mswati II until his death (1868).
Tsandzile was then recognized as regent for her grandson, Ludvanga, whilst her daughter-in-law, Sisile became queen mother. With Ludvanga’s early death (1872), she allowed his bereaved mother the privilege of choosing his succesor, Mbandzeni. Queen Tsandzile died several years later and was interred at Zombadze.

Tschernichin-Larsson, Jenny – (1867 – 1937)
Finnish stage and silent film actress
Tschernichin-Larsson appeared in many silent films, and worked under various Swedish directors. Her film credits included Hans brollopsnatt (His Wedding night) (1915), Balett prima donna (Anjala the Dancer) (1916), Karlekens ogon (A Scarlet Angel) (1922) and Klostret i Sendomir (The Monastery of Sandomir) (1920).

Tshai – (1920 – 1942)
Ethiopian Imperial princess
Tshai was born (Oct 13, 1920) in Addis Ababa, the third daughter of the Emperor Haile I Sellassie (1930 – 1975), and his second wife Menen. She was sister to Crown Prince Asfa Wossen (1916 – 1997). Princess Tshai was married (1942) to General Abiyre Abebe (1918 – 1974), later the Minister of War and Viceroy of Eritraea (1959 – 1964). There were no children. Princess Tshai died (Aug 17, 1942) aged twenty-one.

Tsige Maryam Abebe Retta – (1940 – 1975)
Ethiopian princess
Tsige Maryam was the daughter of Princess Tenagne Worq, and was the granddaughter of the Emperor Haile I Sellassie (1930 – 1975). Tsige Maryam was married (1963) to Ato Segum Haragot, the minister of Information (1964 – 1965). With the down fall of the imperial house she was imprisoned in Addis Ababa by the dictator Idi Amin. Princess Tsige committed suicide (March 9, 1975) in prison.

Tsutsunava, Tsetsilia – (1892 – 1956)
Georgian film actress
Tsutsunava was born (May 22, 1892) in Ozurgeti. She appeared in many silent films such as Qristine (Christine) (1916) and Sam sitsotskhle (Three Life) (1924). Her sound credits included Megobraba (Friendship) (1940) and Chrichina (The Dragonfly) (1954). Tsetsilia Tsutunava died (April 12, 1956) aged sixty-two, in Tbilisi.

Tsvangirai, Susan – (1958 – 2009)
Zimbabwean political wife
Mrs Tsvangirai was born (April 24, 1958) and was married (1978) to Morgan Tsvangirai, then a mine foreman, to whom she bore six children. When her husband entered politics she was present at political rallies and when he began to lead the opposition to the regime of President Robert Mugabe, Susan Tsvangirai stood loyally beside her husband during the following political vicissitudes, and when he was beaten in prison she nursed him back to health.
Though quietly supportive of her husband when he became prime minister preferred to live away from the public spotlight. Susan Tsvangirai was killed (March 6, 2009) aged fifty, in a car accident while she was travelling with her husband. Their car was hit by a truck driver who had fallen asleep at the wheel. Robert Mugabe was strongly suspected, both in Zimbabwe and abroad of having engineered the accident to remove his political rival, but Morgan Tsvangirai himself did not believe this story and it quickly died away.

Tsvetayeva, Marina Ivanovna – (1892 – 1941) 
Russian poet, dramatist, and memoirist
Tsvetayeva was born in Moscow, the daughter of a university academic and a pianist. Marina was educated at home by governesses and travelled widely, studying at the Sorbonne in Paris. Her first published collection of romantic verse was Vecherny albom (Evening Album) (1910), followed by her collection of lyric verse Versty (1922), which was admired by Boris Pasternak.
Marina was married to Sergei Efron and both were staunchly anti-Bolshevik, a theme which appears in Lebediny stan (The Swans’ Encampment) (1917 – 1922). Tsvetayeva later immigrated to France and lived with the Russian exile community in Paris. She wrote literary biographies and with the beginning of WW II she returned to her homeland (1939). Evacuated to a remote region, she committed suicide by hanging.

Tua, Teresina – (1867 – 1955)
Italian violinist
Tua as born (May 22, 1867) at Turin, in Piedmont, and studied with Massart at the Paris Conservatory. She made her debut in London at the Crystal Palace (1883), before appearing with enormous success in America (1887). Teresina married firstly (1889) Count Franchi-Verney della Valletta and retired from performing for several years. She made a successful European tour (1895), and in Russia her pianist was Serge Rachmaninoff.  With the count’s death (1911) she remarried (1913) to Emilio Claudio. From (1915 – 1924) Teresina taught violin at the Milan Conservatory. She later became a nun at the convent of dell ‘Adorazione in Rome, taking the name of Sister Maria di Gesu. Teresina Tua died there (Oct 29, 1955) aged eighty-eight.

Tubia – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Tubia was a native of Sirmium in Pannonia. Arrested during the persecutions organized by the emperors Diocletian and Maximian Daia, Tubia refused to abjure her faith by making sacrifice to the Roman gods and was killed. She was venerated as a saint (Jan 2) her feast being recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tubman, Harriet Ross – (1821 – 1913)
Black American slave leader and abolitionist
Harriet was born a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland. She worked as a field hand and married a free black man, John Tubman, but, at the age of twenty-five, fearing that she was about to be sold by her owner, she escaped to freedom (1849). Harriet Tubman organized and managed more than two dozen successful raids throughout the Southern states, and led more than three hundred runaway slaves to safety and freedom, using a series of secret routes and ‘safe-houses’ known as the ‘Underground Railroad.’ She never lost one of them. She acquired the stature of a heroine with the abolitionists, and provided advice to John Brown before his attempt to organize a slave revolt (1859). During the Civil War Harriet served as a guide, a nurse, and also a spy for the Union Army. Denied a federal pension until 1897, she established a nursing home for elderly, homeless, black people.

Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim – (1912 – 1989)
American historian and author
Barbara Tuchman was the mother of the environmental scientist Jessica Tuchman Mathews (born 1946). Tuchman was twice the winner of the Pulitzer Prize (1963) and 1972). She received the National Book Award (1980) and became the first woman president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters (1979).

Tuchock, Wanda – (1898 – 1985)
American screenwriter
Wanda Tuchock was popular during the silent era with such films as Show People (1927) and Hallelujah (1929). She also wrote the screenplays for several movies such as Silver Queen (1945) and The Foxes of Harrow (1947).

Tucker, Charlotte Maria – (1821 – 1893)
British missionary and children’s author
Charlotte Tucker was born in Barnet and was related to the writer James Boswell. She was educated at home but did not have any of her works for children published until after the death of her father (1851) because of his disapproval. Financially independent she donated the proceeds of her work to charity and published her books under the pseudonym ‘ALOE’ (A Lady of England).
Her missionary career did not begin until after the death of her mother (1869). She then learnt Hindustani and worked for the missions in Amritsar and Lahore in India. Her works included The Rambles of a Rat (1854), Wings and Stings (1855) and Old Friends with New Faces (1858).

Tucker, Sophie – (1884 – 1966) 
Russian-American vocalist and vaudeville performer
Born Sonia Kalisch, she made her stage debut as a blackface commedienne. Loud and brassy, her singing style was strongly influenced by jazz and the blues and became popularly known as ‘the last of the red hot mommas.’ She was sometimes known as Sophia Abuza. Her theme song ‘Some of These Days’ was written for her by Eubie Blake and Shelton Brooks, and became the title of her autobiography (1945). Tucker also appeared and sang in various films including Honky Tonk (1929), Broadway Melody of 1937 (1937), Thoroughbreds Don’t Cry (1937), Atlantic City (1944) and Follow the Boys (1944).

Tuckwell, Gertrude Mary – (1861 – 1951)
British trade unionist
Gertrude Tuckwell was born in Oxford and was educated at home. She trained as a schoolteacher and later worked as secretary (1893) to her aunt, Lady Emilia Dilke. Tuckwell was later appointed as the president of the Women’s Trade Union League, and then served on the Royal Commission on National Health Insurance. She was the author of The State and Its Children (1894).

Tu Cung – (1890 – 1980)
The last Vietnamese queen consort
Tu Cung was the daughter of Ho Dac Trung. She became the second wife (1913) of King Khai Dinh (1885 – 1925) and was the mother of the future Emperor Bao Dai (1913 – 1997). With the fall of the royal family the queen mother lived in retirement at Hue in South Vietnam.

Tudo, Pepita (Josefina) – (c1785 – 1869)
Spanish beauty
Pepita became the mistress of Manuel Godoy, the handsome favourite of King Carlos IV and lover of Queen Maria Luisa. She shared Godoy with the queen and was later granted the titled of Condesa di Castillo and Viscondesa de Rocafuerte by King Carlos, at her lover’s insistence. Pepita Tudo died in Madrid.

Tudor, Elizabeth    see    Elizabeth I

Tudor, Margaret     see     Margaret Tudor

Tudor, Mary     see    Mary I   or   Mary Tudor

Tudor-Hart, Edith – (1908 – 1978)
Austro-Anglo photographer
Born Edith Suschitzky, she was sister to the noted photographer, Wolf Suschitzky. She studied at Dessau in Anhalt, Germany, and was trained in the Montessori Method as a schoolteacher, but established herself as a modernist photographer. She fled to England with the rise of the Nazi regime (1933). Edith was married to the noted physician and radical, Alex Tudor-Hart and wrote articles for various magazines including The Listener and Design Today. She produced the photographs which illustrated Working Class Wives by Margery Spring-Rice and produced the series of photographs of her son which were published in Picture Post (1949).

Tueni, Nadia – (1935 – 1983)
Lebanese publisher and poet
Tueni was born in Beirut, the daughter of a Lebanese diplomat. Educated at French schools in Athens, her first collection of poems, Les Textes blondes appeared in 1963, and she won the Said Aql Prize (1965), as well as being recognized by the Academie Francaise (1973). Tueni’s work Sentimental Archives of a War in Lebanon appeared in 1982 and from (1977 – 1982), during her husband’s absence at the United Nations, she served as a chairman of the An Nahar Corporation, Beirut’s largest newspaper. She composed the drama Faramane (1970) for the International Baalbeck Festival and also wrote Dreamers of the Earth (1975). Nadia Tueni died (June 20, 1983) in Beit Meri.

Tuia-Nebettawy – (fl. c1270 – c1240 BC)
Egyptian princess
Tuia-Nebettawy was a member of the XIXth Dynasty, being one of the many daughters of Ramesses II the Great by an unknown mother. She bore the title of ‘King’s Daughter of His Body’ and figured on a surviving ostrakon list of the king’s children, preserved in the Louvre Museum, Paris. No other details concerning her have been discovered.

Tuke, Mary Sheldon, Lady – (c1648 – after 1700)
English Catholic courtier
Mary Sheldon was the daughter of Ralph Sheldon. She became the second wife of Sir Samuel Tuke (1613 – 1674) whom she long survived. Lady Tuke attended the court at Whitehall as dresser and lady-in-waiting to Catharine of Braganza, the wife of Charles II (1660 – 1685). She later accompanied the widowed queen back to the Portugese court at Lisbon, where she later received Sir Samuel Pepys, the noted diarist on a visit there.

Tullia Ciceronis – (76 – 45 BC)
Roman Republican patrician
Tullia Ciceronis was born in Rome (Aug 5, 76 BC), the daughter of the orator and statesman, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 – 43 BC), and his first wife Terentia, a relative of Publius Terentius Hispo.Tullia was married firstly to Gaius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, who died in 57 BC, and secondly (56 BC), to the quaestor Furius Crassipes, who divorced her (51 BC). During her father’s absence from Italy, her mother arranged her third marriage (50 BC) with Publius Cornelius Dolabella (c80 – 43 BC). To Dolabella Tullia bore two sons, the first dying in infancy (49 BC).
Her last marriage was not a great success, mainly due to financial problems concerning the payment of her dowry, and ended with divorce, which was arranged by her father (46 BC). Tullia died (Feb, 45 BC), aged only thirty, after bearing her second son, Lentulus, who did not long survive her. Her death was a great blow to her father, who, though he had loved her dearly, had taken little account of her happiness during her life, now proposed to build a shrine to her memory. However, political events forced him to abandon this project and he turned instead to philsophy for consolation. Ancient sources record that Cicero’s second wife Publilia, was jealous of her husband’s relationship with his daughter.

Tullis, Julie – (1939 – 1986) 
British mountaineer and writer
Born Julie Palau in Surrey, the daughter of a Spaniard, she was married (1959) to the rock climber Terry Tullis, to whom she bore two children. Julie was a black belt in karate and aikiddo and began climbing again, mainly in the ranges of northern Wales. She travelled to the USA and climbed the Yosemites and then the Andes in Peru (1974). Tullis later ascended the Himalayas in conjunction with Kurt Diemberger and she became the first British woman to climb the Broad Peak (1984). Julie Tullis then became the first woman on an expedition to Mt Everest (1985) and died during a climb the following year.

Tuqan, Fadwa – (1917 – 2003)
Palestinian poet
Tuqan was born (March 17, 1917) in Nablus, the sister of the film director Ibrahim Tuqan (died 1941). Fadwa was best known for her poem ‘Martyrs of the Infitada’ and published several collections of verse including Alone With the Days (1952), Give Us Love (1960) and Before the Closed Doors (1967). Fadwa Tuqan died (Dec 12, 2003) aged eighty-six.

Turakina    see   Toragina

Turco, Contessa Laura    see   Peverara, Laura

Turell, Jane – (1708 – 1745)
American poet
Jane Colman was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Benjamin Colman, and married Ebenezer Turell. Her father wrote two sermons concerning her death, preserved in his Reliquiae Turellae, et Lachrymae paternae (1735). This volume also includes a memoir of Jane written by her husband and her own poetry.

Turenne, Cecilia de    see   Comminges, Cecilia de

Turenne, Helie de – (c1210 – 1251)
French medieval heiress
Helie de Turenne was the only child and heiress of Raymond IV, Vicomte de Turenne (c1182 – 1243) and his wife Heliz, the daughter of Guy II, Comte d’Auvergne. Helie was married to Helie Rudel IV (died after 1254), Seigneur de Bergerac, and at her father’s death she inherited the viscounty of Turenne. However, she left an only daughter, Margeurite de Bergerac, the wife of Renaud III (died after 1272), Seigneur de Pons, Cognac, and Rustignac, by whom she left descendants, and with Helie’s death, Turenne passed to her male cousin, Raymond V.

Turia – (c65 – c1 BC)
Roman model wife and heroine
Turia was the sister-in-law of Gaius Cluvius. Her real name remains unknown the name ‘Turia’ being a literary invention provided by historians.Both her parents were murdered at their country estate (49 BC), whilst Turia’s betrothed was absent at the wars, but she managed to have their deaths avenged by law. Her future husband escaped death during the proscriptions of Octavian, only through Turia’s personal supplication to his colleague Aemilius Lepidus. Husband and wife lived togther for over forty years, but remained childless. Assuming the fault to be hers, Turia begged her husband to divorce her so he could remarry and beget an heir, but he was horrified by her suggestion, and refused. The details known of her life are recorded in a surviving inscription written to her by her husband, and which once formed part of her funerary monument, erected by him.

Turja, Anna Sophia – (1893 – 1982)
Finnish-American disaster survivor
Turja was born at Oulainen in northern Finland, the daughter of Henry Turja. Anna travelled third class aboard the liner Titanic (1912) intending to join her sister and brother-in-law in Ashtabula, Ohio, and managed to reach safety in a lifeboat. She resided in the USA for the rest of her life, and constantly refused television appearances to talk about her experiences, but visited the premiere of the film Titanic (1953), which starred Barbara Stanwyck and Clifton Webb, and was produced by Jean Negulesco. Anna Turja died in Long Beach, California.

Turleigh, Veronica – (1903 – 1971)
Irish film and television actress
Turleigh was born (Jan 14, 1903) in County Donegal. Her film credits included The Card (1952) and, The Horse’s Mouth (1958). She also appeared in such popular television programs as Dixon of Dock Green (1960) and The Saint (1964) with Roger Moore. Veronica Turleigh died (Sept 3, 1971) aged sixty-eight, in England.

Turnbo-Malone, Annie Minerva – (1869 – 1957)
Black American businesswoman and philanthropist
Annie Turnbo-Malone was born in Metropolis in Illinois, the daughter of a farmer. He fled from Kentucky with his family during the Civil War, and Annie attended school in Metropolis and then removed to Lovejoy in Illinois, where she manufactured and sold her famous hair tonic, the ‘Wonderful Hair Grower’ (1900). Turnbo-Malone later removed her business to St Louis in Missouri, and she began an extensive advertising campaign in order to train women to sell her product. Competition from fraudulent imitations of her tonic led her to copyright tonic, taking the trading name ‘Poro’ for her product.
After her second marriage with Aaron Eugene Malone (1914) she built a factory and training school in the middle class black neighbourhood of St Louis, which she named Poro College (1918), and which housed the National Negro Business League. Turnbo-Malone always remained devoted to public causes which benefitted her own people and her business franchises and schools were set up in other countries such as the Philippines, South America and in Africa. Though she became extremely rich she continued to live in a modest style and was a patron of the Howard University Medical School and the St Louis YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association). She also provided the land on which was built the St Louis Colored Orphans’ Home and served on the executive board for well over twenty years (1919 – 1943). This was later renamed the Annie Malone Children’s Home (though against her wishes). Her husband sued for divorce in 1927, claiming half of her business, but an out of court settlement affirmed Malone-Turnbo as sole owner of the Poro Company. Annie Turnbo-Malone died (May 10, 1957) aged eighty-seven, in Chicago, Illinois.

Turner, Anne – (1576 – 1615)
English criminal accomplice
Born Anne Norton (Jan, 1576), into a family of the minor nobility in Suffolk, she became the wife of the Catholic physician George Turner (died 1610). During the lifetime of her husband she was involved in a lengthy liasion with Sir Arthur Mainwaring, a servant of Prince Charles (Charles I), who was the father of three of her children. Mrs Turner became a leading fashion innovator at the court of James I (1603 – 1625) after she introduced the use of yellow starch to colour ruffs and cuffs and collars. She also made and sold perfumes and love philtres.
After being suspected of performing abortions on several highly placed court ladies, Turner became involved in the complicated plots surrounding the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower of London, ostensibly as the wish of Frances Howard, Countess of Essex. She was arrested, tried, and found guilty, and was sentenced by Sir Edward Coke to be hanged at Tyburn (Nov 14, 1615) aged forty-nine. In general abhorrence of her crimes yellow starch quickly went out of fashion.

Turner, Beatrice Ethel – (1891 – 1964)
British obstetric surgeon
Turner was born (Jan 23, 1891) and was educated at St Mary’s College, Paddington in London. She was appointed as the senior obstetric surgeon at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital. In recognition of her valuable work in the field of medicine she was appointed OBE (Order of the British Empire) (1943) by King George VI. She retired in 1956. Beatrice Turner died (Dec 25, 1964) aged seventy-three.

Turner, Ethel Mary Sibyl – (1870 – 1958)
Anglo-Australian novelist and children’s author
Born Ethel Burwell in Balby, Yorkshire, she came to Australia with her family as a child (1879) and retained her stepfather’s surname of Turner. Turner was employed to write the children’s pages for various magazines including the Bulletin and the Illustrated Sydney News. Ethel Turner was the author of the classic Australian children’s work Seven Little Australians (1894) and the sequel The Family at Misrule (1895). The first novel has been adapted for both film and television, and as a stage musical. She collaborated with her daughter to publish The Sunshine Family: a Book of Nonsense for Girls and Boys (1923).

Turner, Florence – (1887 – 1946)
American silent film actress
Considered to be the ‘first movie star’ she was known as the ‘Vitograph girl.’ Her film credits included A Dixie Mother (1910), My Old Dutch (1915) and The Old Wives’ Tales (1921). Her career grandually declined and she retired from the screen before the advent of sound films.

Turner, Huldah Mary – (1906 – 2006)
Australian violinist, chamber musician and academic
Born Huldah Snedden, near Tamworth in New South Wales, she wrote a thesis (1945) on James Joyce’s famous work Finnegan’s Wake (1939) and published a collection of verse (1997). Huldah Turner died aged ninety-nine.

Turner, Joan – (1922 – 2009)
British comic actress and vocalist
Turner was born (Nov 24, 1922) in Belfast, Ireland, the daughter of a bus driver and was raised in London. She was convent educated but early evinced a strong desire for a stage career. Turner performed in London music halls and revues where she sang and did impersonations. By the 1960’s she had become the highest paid female singer in Britain, performing at the London Palladium and with the Royal Variety Show (1963). She also worked in the USA where her name was connected with the actor Peter Sellers.
Her later career took a turn for the worse. Joan’s private life was unhappy and she was twice divorced. Having lost her fortune due to gambling she was declared bankrupt (1977). A stage comeback soon afterwards in the revival of Oliver! by Cameron Mackintosh ended with her being fired. Her later appearances in the popular television series EastEnders and Brookside likewise failed with her being sacked due to alcoholism. Joan Turner went to the USA (1996) in an attempt to salvage something of her career but ended up on the streets of Beverly Hills in Los Angeles, virtually living as a vagrant. She returned eventually to England (2001) and resided in Surrey. Before her death she published the autobiography entitled I Thought It Grew on Trees. Joan Turner died (March 1, 2009) aged eighty-six.

Turner, Lana – (1920 – 1995)
American film actress and autobiographer
Born Julia Jean Mildred Frances Turner in Wallace, Idaho, she came to Hollywood and was discovered whilst sipping a soda st Schwab’s Drugstore on Sunset Boulevard. Turner’s first film role was in A Star Is Born (1937) after which she remained under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Blonde, glamorous and sexy, she appeared in Love Finds Andy Hardy (1939) and then starred opposite Clark Gable in Honky Tonk (1941) but attracted real attention as the femme fatale in The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), and as the alcoholic film star in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). These were followed by The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), Peyton Place (1957) and Imitation of Life (1959).
Notable character roles included that of the icily beautiful, but completely evil Countess Charlotte de Winter in The Three Musketeers (1948), Diane de Poitiers, the powerful and glamorous mistress of Henry II of France (1547 – 1559) in Diane (1952), and the betrayed but silent wife in Madame X (1966), unknowingly defended by her own son at her murder trial. Lana Turner also appeared on stage and appeared in the popular television series Falcon Crest (1982 – 1983).
Despite her talent, which was not always set to good effect in the films she starred in, it was tempestuous private life, which included numerous lovers and eight husbands, including actor Lex Barker (1919 – 1973), as well as a sordid murder trial involving her own daughter, Cheryl Crane, who stabbed her mother’s lover, the underworld figure Johnny Stampanato (1958) which captivated media attention. She appeared in the television series, Falcon Crest (1982) and published her autobiography Lana: The Lady, The Legend, The Truth (1982).

Turner, Theodora – (1907 – 1999)
British nurse, matron and hospital superintendent
Turner was born (Aug 5, 1907) and attended school in Salisbury, Wiltshire before going on to study at the Edinburgh School of Domestic Economy, and training as a nurse. Theodora Turner became a ward sister at St Thomas’s Hospital in London, and was later appointed as administrative sister (1946 – 1947). She was then matron of the Royal Infirmary in Liverpool (1948 – 1953) and education officer at the Royal College of Nursing at Birmingham (1953 – 1955). Her final post was as Superintendent of the Nightingale Training School (1955 – 1965). Turner was president of the Florence Nightingale International Nurses association (1971 – 1974) and of the Royal College of Nursing and the National Council of Nurses of the UK (1966 – 1968). Theodora Turner died (Aug 24, 1999) aged ninety-two.

Turney, Catherine – (1906 – 1998)
American screenwriter, novelist and dramatist
Catherine Turney wrote the screenplays for the classic films Mildred Pierce (1945) which starred Joan Crawford, and Of Human Bondage (1945) which starred Bette Davis. Her novel The Other One was filmed as Back from the Dead (1957).

Turnley, Christopher    see    Ellis-Fermor, Una Mary

Turpin de Crisse, Emilie Sophie de Montulle, Comtesse – (1756 – after 1800)
French émigré and memoirist
Emilie deMontulle was the second daughter of Jean Baptiste Francois de Montulle (1721 – 1787), a councillor of the Paris Parlement and his wife Francoise Elisabeth Haudry (1734 – 1800), the daughter of the farmer-general Andre Haudry. She became the wife (1775) of Comte Henri Roland Lancelot Turpin de Crisse. During the French Revolution Madame Turpin de Crisse supported the Republican cause. During the war in the Vendee she was used as a mediator with the royalist forces (1794).
The comtesse left a written account of her involvement entitled Memoires relatifs aux differentes missions royalists de Madame la comtesse Turpin de Crisse, et aux operations de l’armee de la Haute-Bretagne et du Bas-Anjou, de 1794 a 1800, which was edited and incorporated by Alphonse de Beauchamp in his Memoires secrets et inedits pour server a l’histoire contemporaine (1825). Her portrait was painted by Carmontelle who also produced a portrait of her elder sister Elisabeth Floride, Marquise de Chilleau.

Turqueville, Lesceline de – (c1000 – 1058)
Norman religious founder
Lesceline de Turqueville was the wife of William I, Count d’Eu (died c1054), an illegitimate son of Duke Richard I of Normandy. Lesceline founded the abbey of St Pierre-sur-dives, which was later taken over by the Benedictine order. As a widow she became a nun there and was interred there. Her tomb survives. Countess Lesceline died (Jan 26, 1058).

Tussaud, Marie – (1761 – 1850) 
Swiss wax modeler
Born Anne Marie Grosholtz in Strasbourg, Alsace, she was trained in her art by her uncle in Paris. With his death (1794) Marie inherited his wax museum. During the subsequent Revolution she was forced to make death-masks from the severed heads of victims of the guillotine. She was married to a French soldier, Francois Tussaud, from whom she later seperated and went to England. She made tours throughout the country displaying her life-size portrait waxworks, and later established her exhibits in Baker Street, London (1835), which after her death was removed to Marylebone Road (1884). This museum portrays figures such as Marie Antoinette, the emperor Napoleon and Sir Walter Scott.

Tutin, Dame Dorothy – (1930 – 2001) 
British stage, film, and television actress
Dorothy Tutin was born in Surrey, and studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She made her stage debut in 1949 before joining the Royal Shakespearean Company of the Old Vic in London. Tutin established her acting credential by interpreting the works of Graham Greene and Henrik Ibsen, and later joined the Shakespearean Memorial Company in Stratford-on-Avon (1958). Her husband was fellow actor Derek Waring.
Her film credits included The Importance of Being Earnest (1952), A Tale of Two Cities (1958) and Savage Messiah (1972). She also appeared in the television series’ Body and Soul (1993) and Jake’s Progress (1995) and in the television movie This Could be the Last Time (1998). Dorothy Tutin received critical acclaim for her appearance in John Whiting’s work The Devils (1961) and also appeared in plays by Harold Pinter. She played Anne Boleyn in the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) series The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) opposite Keith Michell as the king. She was appointed CBE (Commander of the British Empire) and then DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) by Queen Elizabeth II (1999) in recognition of her contribution to the theatre.

Tuttle, Lurene – (1906 – 1986)
American radio performer and film actress
Lurene Tuttle was married to the actor Melville Ruick (1898 –1972), and was mother to actress Barbara Ruick (1932 – 1974). Her film credits included Mr Blandings Builds His Dream House (1946), Macbeth (1948), The Affairs of Dobie Gillis (1953), Psycho (1960) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1981). Tuttle also appeared in several popular television programs such as Father of the Bride (1961 – 1962) and Julia (1968 – 1970).

Tutulani, Margarita – (1924 – 1943)
Albanian activist
Tutulani was born at Berat, and began her education at the Tirane Women’s Institute (1938), but during world War II she was actively involved with the Communist Party, being made responsible for youth education and was elected to the central committee at the age of nineteen. Margarita Tutulani was killed during the political upheavals at the village of Gose, near Kavaje (July 6, 1943), together with her brother, the writer Kristaq Tutlani (born 1919).

Tuvim, Judith    see   Holliday, Judy

Tweedie, Jill – (1934 – 1993)
British feminist, journalist and writer
Jill Tweedie was born into a comfortable family and finished her education in Switzerland. She then worked in Canada as a radio journalist before writing for the women’s page in the Guardian. She was best known for her Letters from a Faint-Hearted Feminist (1981), which was later turned into a television series, and published the best-selling nove, In the Name of Love (1979). She also published the account of her awful childhood years with the title Eating Children (1993).

Tweedie, Mary – (1875 – 1961)
Scottish educator, principal and author
Tweedie was born (Nov 19, 1875). She became the headmistress of the Edinburgh Ladies’ College (1924 – 1937). She published a report (1931) on Canadian universities at the behest of the Overseas Department. Mary Tweedie died (Nov 16, 1961) aged eighty-five, in Edinburgh.

Tweedsmuir, Priscilla Jean Fortescue Thomson, Lady – (1915 – 1978)
British peeress (1968 – 1978)
Priscilla Thomson was the daughter of Brigadier Alan Fortescue Thomson. She was married firstly to Sir Arthur Lindsay Grant, eleventh baronet (died 1944), and secondly (1948) to John Norman Stuart Buchan (born 1911), the second Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield. She left a daughter from her second marriage. Lady Tweedsmuir had entered politics as a member of parliament and served as the joint parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland (1962). She was created a life peeress in her own right by Queen Elizabeth II as Baroness Tweedsmuir of Belhelvie (1968).

Twelvetrees, Helen – (1907 – 1958)
American film actress
Born Helen Jurgens in Brooklyn, New York, she studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Her film credits included The Cat Creeps (1930), The Painted Desert (1931), King for a Night (1933), Hollywood Round Up (1937) and Unmarried (1939). Her career declined after the end of WW II. Helen Twelvetrees committed suicide.

Twining, Elizabeth – (1830 – 1890)
British painter
Elizabeth Twining was the granddaughter of the London tea merchant Richard Twining. She exhibited miniatures at the Royal Academy and produced and lithographed the botanical work Illustrations of the Natural Orders of Plants (1849 – 1855).

Twining, Louisa – (1820 – 1912)
British law reformer and author
Twining was born (Nov 16, 1820) in London and was educated at home by governesses. She became involved in social and philanthropic work amongst the poor, being appointed as Guardian of the Poor in Kensington, London (1884 – 1890) and published the report A Few Words about the Inmates of Our Union Workhouse (1855). Twining campaigned vigorously for better health care for the poor, tended cholera victims in the East end during a virulent epidemic, and established the Workhouse Infirmary Nursing Association (1879). Her published works included Recollections of Life and Work (1893) and Workhouses and Pauperism (1898). Louisa Twining died (Sept 25, 1912) aged ninety-one.

Twosret   see   Tawosret

Twysden, Anne Finch, Lady – (c1574 – 1638)
English literary patron
Anne Finch was the eldest daughter of Sir Moyle Finch, of Eastwell, Kent, and sister to Sir Heneage Finch (died 1631). Anne was married (1591) to Sir William Twysden (1566 – 1629), the wedding being performed by alexander Nowel, Dean of St Paul’s. She survived her husband as the Dowager Lady Twysden (1629 – 1638). Her son left a wonderfully attractive portrait of Lady Anne amongst his manuscript memoranda. John Hiud dedicated to Lady Twysden his Storie of Stories (1632). Her children included,

Tydfil – (c450 – 480 AD)
Welsh Christian martyr
Tydfil was of royal birth being one of the daughters of King Brychan of Brecknock and his wife Ribrawst. She was revered as a saint (Aug 23) and was considered to be the patron of Merthyr Tydfil in Glamorgan where she was buried. According to her legend Tydfil was assassinated with her father Brychan and one of her brothers was then interred at Glamorgan. Her nephew, the son of her murdered brother, then raised the people and put the enemy to flight. Tydfil is said to have been murdered by Britons but the Saxons were later credited with the crime.

Tylden, Betty – (1917 – 2009)
British psychologist
Elizabeth Tylden was born (Aug 1, 1917), the daughter of the noted military historian Major Geoffrey Tylden. She was raised in South Africa and trained as a psychiatrist. She became a specialist in dealing with the adult survivors of child abuse, and people who had formerly been manipulated and controlled by ‘New Age’ religious cults such as the London Church of Christ during the 1980’s and 1990’s. She reformed conventional techniques and moved the focus of therapy to understanding the experiences endured by these patients when living under such controlled circumstances, rather than looking for explanations drawn from the patients’ childhood. Betty Tylden died (Feb 3, 2009) aged ninety-one.

Tylecote, Dame Mabel – (1896 – 1987)
British Labour Party politician, activist and adult education promoter
Mabel Phythian was born (Feb 4, 1896) in Manchester, Lancashire. Mabel Tylecote served on the committee of the Free German League of Culture in Great Britain. She was appointed DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) in recognition of her valuable contribution to the field of education.

Tyler, Judy – (1933 – 1957)
American actress
Born Judith Mae Hess, Tyler was a child performer who moved into films, and was best known for her appearance with Elvis Presley in Jailhouse Rock (1957).

Tyler, Letitia Christian – (1790 – 1842)
American First Lady (1841 – 1842)
Letitia Christian was born (Nov 12, 1790) on a plantation in Virginia. She became the first wife (1813) of John Tyler, who became the tenth president of the USA in 1841, and bore him eight children. Though beautiful Mrs Tyler was crippled by illness and lived a retired life. She was the first president’s wife to die in the White House (Sept 10, 1842), aged fifty-two. Letitia Tyler was buried in Virginia at her ancestral home. Her official duties as hostess in the White House were taken over by her daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler.

Tyler, Margaret – (fl. 1578) 
English translator
Few personal details are recorded of her life. Margaret Tyler translated the first part of the romance by Diego Ortunez de Calahorra, which was then published under the English title The Mirrour of Princely Deedes and Knighthood (1578).

Tyler, Mary Ann – (1840 – 1914)
Australian colonial memoirist
Mary Brooksbank was born in England, and arrived in Campbelltown, near Sydney, New South Wales, as an infant with her parents (1841). She worked as a barmaid and as a dressmaker and seamstress before marrying (1862) to Joseph Tyler. Mary accompanied her husband to the Victorian goldfields, where they enjoyed some success, becoming selectors in the Wellington region, where they established a farm. Her personal reminiscences entitled The Adventurous Memoirs of a Gold Diggeress, 1841 – 1909 were published posthumously (1985).

Tyler, Priscilla Cooper – (1816 – 1889)
American presidential figure and White House hostess
Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born (June 14, 1816) in New York. She became the wife of Robert Tyler (1816 – 1877) by whom she left issue. Priscilla Tyler served as unofficial First Lady (1842 – 1844) during the term of her father-in-law John Tyler, the tenth president, after the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler. With the eruption of the American Civil War the couple declared for the Confederacy and removed to Richmond in Virginia. Priscilla Tyler died (Dec 29, 1889) aged seventy-three, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Tynan, Katharine – (1861 – 1931)
Irish poet and novelist
Katharine Tynan was born in Clondalkin, County Dublin, and was married to a magistrate named Hinkson from County Mayo. She worked as a journalist and was a friend of Charles Stewart Parnell and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, amongst other important literary figures. She wrote volumes of verse such as Collected Poems (1930) and over one hundred novels including She Walks in Beauty (1899) and The House in the Forrest (1928). Tynan also published her Memoires (1924).

Tyrannis Juliana, Antonia – (fl. 124 AD)
Graeco-Roman civic leader
Antonia Tyrannis Julia was a native of the city of Erythai in Ionia. A surviving inscription from a statue base records that Tyrannis Juliana financed and organized the festival of the agonothesia together with her husband. She also served as priestess (archiereia) of the Imperial cult.

Tyrawley, Lady Sarah    see    Wewitzer, Sarah

Tyria – (d. c303 AD)
Graeco-Roman Christian martyr
Tyria was arrested during the persecutions of either Diocletian or the Emperor Galerius. She refused to forsake her religion and make public sacrifice to the pagan gods and was put to death. Venerated as a saint (April 6) her feast was recorded in the Acta Sanctorum.

Tyrone, Bridget Fitzgerald, Countess of    see   Fitzgerald, Bridget

Tyrwhit, Isabel Girlington, Lady – (c1500 – 1560)
English Tudor courtier
Isabel Girlington was born at Frodington, Lincoln, the daughter of William Girlington and his wife Katherine, the daughter of Sir Robert Hildyard, the widow of John Holdenby. Through her mother Katherine, Isabel was a descendant of King Edward I (1272 – 1307) through his daughter Joan of Acre, Countess of Gloucester, and then through the Le Despenser and Hastings families. Isabel was married firstly (1516) to Christopher Kelke (died 1534) to whom she bore four sons, and secondly to Sir William Tyrwhit, of Scotter, Lincoln. In her will (Dec 28, 1559) she is styled ‘Dame Isabell Tyrwhit.’ This Lady Tyrwhit is not to be confused with her sister-in-law, Elizabeth Oxenbridge, the wife of Sir Robert Tyrwhit, and lady-in-waiting to Queen Catharine Parr. Lady Tyrwhit died (before Feb 1, 1560) aged in her late fifties, at Scotter, near Lincoln. Her sons included,

Tyrwhitt, Bridget Manners, Lady    see    Manners, Lady Bridget

Tyrwhitt, Dame Mary Joan Caroline – (1903 – 1997)
British army officer and director of the ATS
Mary Tyrwhitt was born (Dec 27, 1903) the eldest daughter of Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt, second baronet, and his wife Angela Mary, the daughter of Matthew Corbally, of Rathbeale Hall, Dublin.
Mary Tyrwhitt remained unmarried and was appointed as the first director of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (1946 – 1949). She also served as director of the Women’s Royal Army Corps (1949 – 1950) and as ADC (aide-de-camp) to King George VI (1949 – 1950) for which she was appointed OBE (Order of the British Empire) (1946) and DBE (Dame Commander of the British Empire) (1949) in recognition of her service. She was then made a brigadier (1950). Dame Mary Tyrwhitt died (Feb 13, 1997) aged ninety-three, at Tiddington, Stratford-on-Avon.

Tyti (Titi) – (fl. c1120 – c1090 BC)
Queen consort of Egypt
Her large tomb in the Valley of the Queens near Thebes was discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli (1903 – 1904) and was excavated. The owner of one of the finest tombs uncovered Queen Tyti’s identity was shrouded in mystery as her tomb did not provide the name of her husband, though her impressive titles such as ‘Mistress of the Two Lands,’ ‘Chief Royal wife,’ ‘King’s sister’ and King’s mother’ were faithfully recorded.
One believed to have been the daughter and wife of King Ramesses III whom she survived, modern research has suggested Ramesses X as a more plausible husband. Ramesses X was the second last ruler of the XXth Dynasty (1185 – 1069 BC) and Tyti was probably the mother of his successor Ramesses XI into whose reign she survived as queen mother. Surviving reliefs depicted Tyti in the company of various deities, shaking a sistrum before Horus.

Tytler, Harriet – (1828 – 1907)
Anglo-Indian memoirist
Harriet Earle was born in Oudh (Avadh), India, the daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel John Earle, an officer in the East India Company. She married at Lucknow as his second wife (1848) Captain (later colonel) Robert Tytler (1818 – 1871). Harriet gave birth to a son, Stanley Delhi Force Tytler, at Lucknow amidst stark privations during the beginning of the siege of Delhi during the Indian mutiny (1857). She was the only woman present throughout the siege, imminent childbirth preventing her from being sent off to safety with the other women and children. Her memoirs provide an entire record of the siege of Delhi.
Harriet remained in India for most of her life, her husband being given various stationings, included the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, where she founded Christ’s Church at the settlement there. After Robert’s death Harriet returned to England for awhile to settle her eight surviving children, but eventually returned to India, residing at Hyderabad, where she was the patron of George Rowlandson, and herself attained some recognition as an artist, her exhibition being opened by Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, the British Resident there. Harriet Tytler died (Nov 24, 1907) at Simla.

Tzavella, Moscho – (1760 – 1803) 
Greek heroine
Born into a famous nationalist clan in the mountain village of Souli, when her village was attacked by the forces of the Albanian ruler of Greece, Ali Pasha, she goaded the women of Souli into action against the enemy. Their fierce resistance caused Ali Pasha to withdraw and forgo an attempt to seize the village. Because of her bravery and personal courage she was given the title Kapetanios (Captain) and permitted to participate in war councils.

Tzitzak    see   Irene of the Khazars

Tz’u-an     see    Ci-An

Tz’u-hsi     see    Ci-xi